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EN
This text analyses recent political and economic developments in Latin America (including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, and Venezuela) which in the author’s opinion demonstrate that the region has entered a new phase of political transition. The author suggests that the “golden age” of the Latin American left has come to an end, first and foremost due to the completion of the commodities’ super-cycle and rising public disillusion with the performance of left-wing leaders. He concludes, however, that this need not translate into an inevitable “turn to the right,” nor signal a beginning of the long-awaited inter-American rapprochement, especially given that the presidency of Donald Trump in the United States, coupled with mounting political tensions and economic difficulties at home, may force Latin America to confront new challenges.
PL
Motywem przewodnim analizy Amereidy, fenomenu uznawanego za jedno z najbardziej interesujących zjawisk we współczesnej kulturze Ameryki Łacińskiej, utożsamianym przede wszystkim z awangardową architekturą „Szkoły z Valparaíso” i powstałym w 1971 roku Miastem Otwartym, w których fundamentem obiektów architektonicznych są akty poetyckie (phalànes), jest pytanie o rolę, jaką w ich powstaniu odegrała podróż literacka tzw. Travesía. Zrealizowaną w 1965 roku przez dziesięcioosobową grupę podróż określano jako „mityczną”, „fundacyjną”, „nowy akt założenia Ameryki”. Autorka pyta o skuteczność podróży literackich w sferze kultury, zależność dekolonizacji do europejskiego dziedzictwa, ambiwalencję działań utopijnych w Mieście Otwartym za czasów dyktatury Pinocheta, ograniczenia mediów zapośredniczających podróż (poemat, dziennik, fotografia). Ramą dla rozważań jest refleksja nad nowym odczytaniem poetyki Mallarmégo, w którym ograniczone działanie języka – rozumiane jako „L’action restreinte” – nie wyklucza polityczności poezji. Pomimo tej interpretacji a także faktu, iż twórczość francuskiego poety stanowiła dla Amereidy źródło istotnej inspiracji, zestawienie obu językowych utopii pozwala wydobyć istotną różnicę w ograniczeniach działania poetyckiego.
EN
The leitmotif of this analysis of Amereida, a phenomenon recognised to be one of the most interesting in contemporary Latin American culture and identified predominantly with the avant-garde architecture of the “Valparaiso School” and the Open City, created in 1971, in which the foundation of multicultural objects is composed of poetic acts (phalànes), is a question about the part played in their emergence by a literary journey, the so-called Travesía. This journey conducted in 1965 by a group composed of ten persons was described as ”mythical”, “foundation-like” and “a new act of founding America”. The author enquires about the effectiveness of literary journeys within the domain of culture, the dependence of decolonisation upon the European heritage, and the ambivalence of utopian undertakings in the Open City at the time of the Pinochet dictatorship, as well as the limitation of media mediating in the journey (poem, diary, photograph). The framework of the reflections is composed of deliberations concerning a new deciphering of the poetics of Mallarmé, in which the restricted impact of language – comprehended as L’action restreinte – does not exclude the political qualities of poetry. Despite such an interpretation and the fact that for Amereida the oeuvre of the French poet comprised a source of essential inspiration, a juxtaposition of both utopias makes it possible to extract the principal difference in the limitations of poetic activity.
PL
raport gospodarczy na temat bieżącej sytuacji ekonomicnej w Ameryce Łacińskiej
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Ibero American culture throughout the world
EN
In the nineteenth century started on the unprecedented earlier scale migration from China to the areas of the Americas. The main group were coolies, the new cheap, slave manpower. Their migration, caused by the internal crisis in China, on the other by growing demand for manpower in Americas, lasted almost until the end of the century, and on a smaller scale already in the first decades of the twentieth century. More than half a million Chinese settled in the western hemisphere, most in Cuba and Peru. Immigrants didn't assimilate with the local people and created closed „Chinese" enclaves. This and economic competition caused hostility towards the „yellow plague", often expressed in pogroms of immigrants. Chinese emigration to american states also had an impact on China relations with them (in such issues as the establishment of diplomatic relations and signing treaties about status of the Chinese minority).
EN
Open textbook initiatives have emerged as an alternative to traditional publications, boosting the creation of educational resources based on open licenses. In order to make them sustainable, it is necessary to define strategies for the adoption of these initiatives by the different actors involved in the education institutions where they will be implemented. In this article we present the components of the adoption strategy designed for the LATIn Initiative. In Section 2 we present the relevant background information collected in a state-of-the-art reviewing. We then present in Section 3 the components defined for the Strategy for the Adoption of the LATIn Project. In this respect, in Section 4 we present the main processes defined. Furthermore, in Section 5 we identify the intervention of Actors and Contexts. Finally, in Section 6 we include the Phases of Implementation of the strategy, defined as Initial Phase, Generalization Phase and Institutionalization Phase. In Section 7 we present the Conclusions of this work.
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México frente a la expulsión de Cuba de la OEA

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Since the meeting at Punta del Este in 1962, in which Mexico voted against the expulsion of Cuba from OAS, both countries maintained a relationship which was exceptional in a double sense: Mexico did not break with Cuba and Cuba did not intervene in Mexico. The exceptional character of their relationship had an important consequence for both of them: Mexicans never suffered the trauma of guerilla warfare – and its corollary: repressive war – and Cubans were never totally isolated from Latin America. It also had, of course, a significant effect on their relationship with the United States: both countries, through their friendship, reaffirmed their nationalism against the hegemonic power in North America. The article recounts and analyzes the details of the meeting at Punta del Este.
EN
Bilingual education, usually a community’s L1 and English continues spreading geographically and across educational systems worldwide. With this expansion, the development of bilingual education approaches is under constant scrutiny. One recent approach is content and language integrated learning (CLIL). European in origin, CLIL can be viewed as an educational or language teaching approach and it refers to the teaching of curricular content and L2 in an integrated manner. This approach has received international attention, yet, how CLIL unfolds in settings outside Europe appears underrepresented in international publications. The aim of this article is to provide a critical review of CLIL in Latin America between 2008 and 2018. We surveyed 64 items (articles, book chapters, and dissertations) published in regional and international outlets: 41 empirical studies, 19 practice-oriented publications, and four reviews. It begins by summarizing the CLIL continuum with a focus on content- and language-driven CLIL and CLIL frameworks. It then provides a synthesis of empirical studies and practice-oriented publications about CLIL in different Latin American settings. The corpus is analyzed following these unifying themes: pedagogy, perceptions and beliefs, teacher education, global citizenship, and language development. From this review, it transpires that Latin American CLIL is mostly implemented and examined from a language-driven perspective in private primary, secondary and higher education. Suggestions and implications for further research and practice are included.
EN
Following stormy debate regarding the role of globalisation and global space in development, geographical analyses are now tending to return to matters of place, and its role in people’s lives. Given that Latin America’s cities were founded by Europeans, one might expect them to be characterised by processes and phenomena similar to European experiences and general processes of globalisation today. In fact, however, specific socio-cultural features arising from both the colonial and pre-colonial past of this region, political factors (especially that reflecting the presence of powerful elites descended from the Spanish) and economic features (interest in the region’s resources being displayed by foreign investors) have all conspired to ensure that Latin America is characterised by a development trajectory distinct from those in other regions, as well as by contemporary structures in urbanised areas being shaped by diverse political and economic forces, mechanisms ever-present in the region’s culture and politic
EN
Following stormy debate regarding the role of globalisation and global space in development, geographical analyses are now tending to return to matters of place, and its role in people’s lives. Given that Latin America’s cities were founded by Europeans, one might expect them to be characterised by processes and phenomena similar to European experiences and general processes of globalisation today. In fact, however, specific socio-cultural features arising from both the colonial and pre-colonial past of this region, political factors (especially that reflecting the presence of powerful elites descended from the Spanish) and economic features (interest in the region’s resources being displayed by foreign investors) have all conspired to ensure that Latin America is characterised by a development trajectory distinct from those in other regions, as well as by contemporary structures in urbanised areas being shaped by diverse political and economic forces, mechanisms ever-present in the region’s culture and politic
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This article analyses the discourses of anti-gender movements circulating in Brazil and Argentina. The aim of our research is to determine the regularities and specificities of these movements. Specifically, it analyses the representations that are mobilised in the political sphere about gender and sexuality and the role that is attributed to the school institution in these matters. Therefore, an analysis is made of the discussion relating to legislative bills and the parliamentary debates that took place on the Escola Sem Partido (ESP) in Brazil between 2014 and 2017 and on the Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo (IVE) in Argentina in 2018. The focus here is exclusively on the discourse employed in favour of the ESP project in Brazil and against the IVE in Argentina, since the ESP and the IVE are opposed to the expansion of rights relating to gender and sexuality. Finally, we concluded that the anti-gender discourse in these countries shares with the religious discourse its precepts relating to gender and sexuality issues. However, the current discourse of this movement is not positioned grounded in religious discourse. Instead, it appeals to scientific and legal discourses as a mechanism of establishing legitimacy and as a way of attracting a wider audience.
EN
Strained relations between the US and Cuba after the victory of the Cuban revolution were a permanent element of the destabilization of international security in the Western Hemisphere. During the Cold War, this destabilization was a function of the East-West confrontation. Since the end of Cold War the importance of Cuba as a Western Hemisphere entity hostile to the United States has diminished radically. Definite steps to normalize relations with Cuba have been taken only in 2014. The media named the change of policies of the US towards Cuba (and Iran) as the Obama Doctrine. This article will try to prove that the continuation of the confron-tational and hostile US-Cuban relations after the collapse of the Eastern bloc was an exceptional and "unnatural" phenomenon from the perspective of realistic school of international relations, both for Washington and Havana.
EN
Latin America became one of the epicentresof the pandemic due to the Sars-Cov-2 virus. One of the serious problems faced by Latin American populations is forced migration, which, like everything that concerns vulnerable populations, has increased in the pandemic. The cases of Central America and Mexico, a country considered one of the largest human corridors in the world, reached unthinkable levels of human rights violations, demonstrate this. This article addresses the political and socioeconomic effects of the pandemic resulting from the Sars-Cov-2 virus (COVID-19) in Latin America. Likewise, we will present, through the press and the reports of civil society organizations, how, in the middle of the pandemic, the criminalization and blaming of migrants in the speeches of the American government agencies was accentuated.
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The objective of this paper is to shed light on the understudied phenomenon of expansion of Polish firms to distant markets. Authors ask the following questions: (1) What is the current state of internationalisation of Polish firms in Latin America, in both quantitative (i.e. value of exports and FDI) and qualitative terms (i.e. characteristics of key exporters and investors); (2) What are the main distance-related barriers to internationalisation of Polish firms in Latin America. In order to describe the scale, scope and characteristics of Polish exports and investments in Latin America, authors analyse publicly available information, macro-level data and micro-level data, collected from the press and financial statements of Polish firms present in Latin America, combined with the information received from the Trade and Investment Promotion Sections of the Polish Embassies. In order to assess the distance between Poland and Latin America, thus indicating the major barriers to internationalisation of Polish firms in this region, the psychic distance measures elaborated by Hakanson and Ambos and the CAGE framework offered by Ghemawat are employed. This paper contributes to the discussion on whether the ‘go global’ strategy is viable for Polish firms and whether it should be supported by the State. Keywords: internationalisation, distance, Poland, Latin America JEL Code: M16
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