Search results - CEJSH

1

Teksty ze wsi Darwinieki oraz z Iłukszty na Łotwie z komentarzem językowym

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Ostrówka M. M.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2015

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vol. 39

219-237

EN

The study contains dialect texts recorded in the village Darvinieki in the 1960s by Józefa Parszuta (a researcher of the Polish language who was born in Latvia) and texts recorded by the author in Iłukszta in 2001. The texts are preceded with a linguistic comment including a description of the most important phonetic, morphological and syntactic features which are characteristic of the Polish north borderland dialect.

PL

Opracowanie zawiera teksty gwarowe zapisane we wsi Darwinieki w latach 60. XX w. przez Józefę Parszutę, urodzoną na Łotwie badaczkę języka polskiego, oraz teksty nagrane przez autorkę w Iłukszcie w roku 2001. Teksty poprzedza komentarz językowy, zawierający opis najważniejszych cech fonetycznych, fleksyjnych i składniowych, charakterystycznych dla polszczyzny północnokresowej.

2

Problematyka polskich emigrantów sezonowych na Łotwie na łamach tygodnika „Nasze Życie” w latach 1936–1939

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Grzybowski J.

Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2020

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vol. 13

246-277

PL

In the 1930s, Latvia was one of the main target countries for economic emigration from Poland. Emigration to Latvia was seasonal. Between 1936 and 1939, each year about 40,000 Polish agricultural workers were employed in Latvian agriculture. Polish seasonal migration was the object of attention of the contemporary press, both Polish and foreign. A very valuable source of knowledge about Polish seasonal migration is the newspaper Nasze Życie (Our Life). This applies especially to various aspects of Polish migrants’ everyday life. It was the only Polish newspaper in Latvia (it was published in Riga). From 1936, the newspaper had a special section devoted to seasonal workers. It contained information and messages addressed to the migrants. The editorial team’s task was to provide the workers with comprehensive and reliable help. In this regard, advice and guidance was given on the organisation of workers’ lives and work. These advices were difficult to overestimate. The newspaper also covered religious and moral topics. At the same time, the newspaper was the main link between the workers and the Polish consular service. It published messages of the Polish Consulate in Riga. Unfortunately, the weekly reached few seasonal migrants. Most workers did not read or subscribe to the newspaper for various reasons. The article analyses the content of the newspaper Nasze Życie. The author confronted the content of the newspaper with other available sources regarding the issues of Polish seasonal migration in Latvia.

3

Digital Civic Engagement in the EU: Analysing Examples, Tools, and Sentiment in Latvia and Estonia

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Vargulis M.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

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2021

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vol. 25

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issue 4

83-98

EN

The decline of civic engagement has been an issue for several EU Member States. To promote civic engagement, digital tools have been perceived as one of the possible solutions both at the EU and national levels. Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic that has intensified digitalisation in many forms and sectors, the issue of digital solutions for civic engagement has regained its relevance and topicality. In the last decade, Latvia has been among other EU Member States in which civic engagement has become a concerning and long-term challenge. For instance, as opposed to Estonia, voter turnout in the most recent national and European parliamentary elections has gradually declined in Latvia. There are also limited digital possibilities through which Latvian society can participate and influence the political agenda daily. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the provisions and guidelines at the EU level to address the issue of civic engagement by promoting digital democracy tools. Secondly, it analyses what digital tools exist in Latvia to promote civic engagement. Thirdly, by comparing the digital civic engagement solutions implemented in Estonia and Latvia, the lessons learned are drawn. Finally, using data from quantitative (polls) studies (before and during the COVID-19 pandemic), the article provides recommendations for Latvia in the context of I-voting.

4

Media education in the common interest: Public perceptions of media literacy policy in Latvia

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Rožukalne A., Skulte I., Stakle A.

Central European Journal of Communication

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2020

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vol. 13

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issue 2(26)

202-229

EN

Although the academic interest in media and information literacy (MIL) is ever increasing, there are not many studies that analyze the public perception of media literacy. This article analyses the interrelations between encouragement measures implemented by media policy and the perception of media literacy in society. The research employs data from a national representative survey (May 2019; N=1,017 respondents). The study explores the respondents’ media literacy perceptions; opinions on risks potentially caused by insufficient media literacy skills; and respondents’ experience with MIL activities. The survey results are compared with survey data on media literacy encouragement measures, aims and target audiences obtained from the Media Policy Unit at the Ministry of Culture media literacy partners. The theoretical background is supported by the media literacy ideological model, which explains media literacy within relationships with the social institutions in which it is practiced, as well as social processes. The data results are controversial. Even though more than half of Latvia’s population view their media literacy knowledge as insufficient, 52% of the respondents are not interested in MIL issues. Concerning the consequences of insufficient media literacy skills within society, the respondents focused mostly on threats to children (40%) and general public safety (28%), decrease in welfare (28%), societal regress (25%), fewer opportunities for high-quality education (26%) and Latvia being behind other EU countries (24%). Even though the media literacy encouragement measures in Latvia include activities aimed at various audiences, they have been noticed by only a slight number of respondents (7–10%).

5

Disclosure of intellectual capital in financial reports: case of Latvia

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Lentjushenkova O., Zarina V., Titko J.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2019

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vol. 10

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issue 2

341-357

EN

Research background: Intellectual capital and its elements, such as reputation, customer relationships, staff competence, are an essential part of a company's value. However, the issues regarding its recording in company's accounting books have not been solved. Proper disclosure of an intellectual capital in financial re-ports will increase the transparency of company-related information, thus improving the quality of reporting. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to investigate the opportunities of intellectual capital disclosure in company's financial reports from the viewpoint of accounting experts. Methods: Financial and accounting managers, board members of accounting services, companies and auditors were surveyed, using the authors' developed questionnaire. The statements regarding the awareness of the intellectual capital and its disclosure-related questions, as well as a respondent profile section were offered to respondents for evaluation. Data was processed in SPSS, applying the method of frequency analysis and categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA). Findings & Value added: The research results indicate the problem of inconsistency between understanding of intellectual capital and its elements in management theory and accounting practice. The existing accounting standards and regulations do not allow for making a full disclosure of all companies' assets. Thus, a reliable information about company's value is not available for shareholders, executives and other stakeholders. The authors suggest using a non-financial reporting practice to reflect the real situation in all companies, irrespective to their status within the meaning of the European Directive on non-financial information disclosure. Current research results will be used for future research and elaboration of recommendations to companies for better disclosure of their assets. Besides, there is a potential for future studies regarding non-financial reporting practice and disclosure of intellectual capital in neighboring countries.

6

MONEY LAUNDERING INVESTIGATION: THE CASE OF LATVIA

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Gise-Sproģe I., Liodorova J., Murniece K., Voronova I.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2020

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issue 2

137-155

EN

The problem of money laundering has received increased attention in recent years. Currently, other standards, which have been developed in accordance with the latest technologies, are applied in the investigation of money laundering cases. The leading countries studying money laundering are the United States, Switzerland, Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. The topicality of the research is based on the lack of scientific theoretical foundations in the field of anti-money laundering and the application of methods and techniques for investigating money laundering in practice. The article provides the definition and stages of money laundering and explains the stand-alone (autonomous) money laundering. Particular attention is paid to the money laundering typologies for the investigation of stand alone money laundering, including the methodological recommendations developed by the Financial Intelligence Unit of Latvia in 2020 which are adapted to national circumstances. The authors describe a number of important events in Latvia in the fight against money laundering in the country that influenced further developments in this area: changes in legislation and in the investigative approach, and professional and scientific interest in this topic. The article examines the economic and social aspects of money laundering, which have so far not received sufficient attention in informing the public about the negative impact of money laundering. The novelty of the research is presented as an extension of the scientific theoretical basis for more effective money laundering investigation and examining a new approach to money laundering investigation based on typologies. The authors, using the results of an empirical study of typologies developed by the Financial Intelligence Unit, present the results of their application based on six criminal proceedings on money laundering. The results of the pilot project show that the set of features of the developed typologies mainly corresponds to the specific typology identified by the investigators themselves. The study shows the possibility of applying typologies in practice, which is especially valuable in cases of autonomous money laundering, where there is no direct evidence of a predicate offense. The research methods include bibliometric research, historical analogy method, conceptual analysis, comparative analysis and synthesis method, and graphical method.

7

Przemiany narodowościowe na ziemi łotewskiej w XX i na początku XXI wieku

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Eberhardt P.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2017

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issue 49

EN

Ethnic Transformations on the Latvian Territory in the 20th Century and at the Beginning of the 21st CenturyThis paper presents demographic and ethnic transformations in the territory of Latvia. First, information is provided on the origins of the population of Latvian nationality. Then, ethnic composition of the population inhabiting the present-day Latvian territory at the end of the 19th century is characterised. The basis for the respective statistical analysis is constituted by the results of the Russian census of 1897. This census showed, side by side with the Latvian population, also important German, Russian, Jewish, and Polish minorities. The subsequent part of the paper is devoted to the ethnic situation in the interwar period. Here, the census carried out in 1935 is the main source of information. Essential demographic transformations took place during World War II. The paper accounts for the war losses, which in ethnic terms had a selective character. Latvian Jews were exterminated, while the remaining groups also suffered great losses. Then, the paper takes up the subject of the demographic-ethnic situation during the post-war Soviet occupation and the existence of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. In this period, numerous migrants from the farther-off territories of the Soviet Union moved to Latvia, these Russian-speaking migrants being primarily of Russian nationality. This resulted in the essential shift in the ethnic composition of the population in Latvia. The effects are reflected in the data from the Soviet censuses of 1959 and 1989. The results of these censuses are subject to interpretation in the paper. The last part of the article is devoted to ethnic changes in the sovereign Latvian state. Statistical and substantive analysis was carried out using the census data of the year 2000, and the estimated data from the year 2014. The contemporary ethnic structure of the entire country and in individual provinces was established. Przemiany narodowościowe na ziemi łotewskiej w XX i na początku XXI wiekuW artykule przedstawiono przemiany demograficzno-etniczne na ziemi łotewskiej. We wstępie podano informacje o rodowodzie ludności narodowości łotewskiej. Następnie zaprezentowano i scharakteryzowano skład narodowościowy na współczesnym terytorium państwa łotewskiego w końcu XIX wieku. Podstawą analizy statystycznej były rezultaty spisu rosyjskiego z 1897 roku. Ujawnił on oprócz Łotyszy liczną mniejszość niemiecką, rosyjską, żydowską i polską. Kolejna część publikacji poświęcona jest sytuacji narodowościowej w okresie międzywojennym w niepodległym państwie łotewskim. Wykorzystano tu głównie spis przeprowadzony w 1935 roku. Poważne przeobrażenia demograficzne miały miejsce w latach II wojny światowej. Określono straty wojenne, które miały charakter selektywny w ujęciu narodowościowym. Przyniosły one eksterminację łotewskich Żydów oraz duże straty wśród pozostałych grup etnicznych. Dalsza część artykułu dotyczy sytuacji demograficzno-narodowościowej w okresie powojennej okupacji sowieckiej i istnienia Łotewskiej SRS. W tym czasie napłynęło na terytorium Łotwy wielu migrantów z głębi ZSRR. Była to ludność rosyjskojęzyczna, głównie narodowości rosyjskiej. Doprowadziło to do istotnej zmiany składu narodowościowego kraju. Odnotowały to spisy sowieckie z lat 1959 i 1989. Ich wyniki poddano interpretacji. Ostatnia część artykułu poświęcona jest zmianom narodowościowym zachodzącym już w suwerennym państwie łotewskim. Przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną i merytoryczną, korzystając z danych spisowych z 2000 roku oraz danych szacunkowych z 2014 roku. Określono współczesną strukturę narodowościową w skali całego kraju i wybranych prowincji.

8

Teksty ze wsi Darwinieki oraz z Iłukszty na Łotwie z komentarzem językowym

100%

Ostrówka M. M.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2015

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vol. 39

EN

Texts from the villages Darvinieki and Iłukszta in Latvia with linguistic commentsThe study contains dialect texts recorded in the village Darvinieki in the 1960s by Józefa Parszuta (a researcher of the Polish language who was born in Latvia) and texts recorded by the author in Iłukszta in 2001. The texts are preceded with a linguistic comment including a description of the most important phonetic, morphological and syntactic features which are characteristic of the Polish north borderland dialect. Teksty ze wsi Darwinieki oraz z Iłukszty na Łotwie z komentarzem językowymOpracowanie zawiera teksty gwarowe zapisane we wsi Darwinieki w latach 60. XX w. przez Józefę Parszutę, urodzoną na Łotwie badaczkę języka polskiego, oraz teksty nagrane przez autorkę w Iłukszcie w roku 2001. Teksty poprzedza komentarz językowy, zawierający opis najważniejszych cech fonetycznych, fleksyjnych i składniowych, charakterystycznych dla polszczyzny północnokresowej.

9

Great changes at home: Latvians abroad and the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918

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Beķere K.

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

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2022

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vol. 52

67-90

EN

This paper examines how Latvian communities abroad reacted to and were influenced by a change of the first magnitude in the political life of their homeland, namely, the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia on November 18, 1918. News of the proclamation, first of all, necessitated diaspora Latvians choosing attitudes towards the new phenomenon, which highlighted the political pre‑dispositions of the different groups within the diaspora. Polarisation of opinions was followed shortly by a wave of activities both in support of and against the new Republic. These activities included gathering financial resources for war victims and state institutions in Latvia, public relations campaigns in diaspora host countries, political lobbying etc. The establishment of the Republic of Latvia also profoundly influenced and intensified the internal formation processes within the diaspora. A marked increase of activity is observable in all fields of engagement that are characteristic of an active ethno‑national diaspora: the internal organisational structure was further developed; contacts with the homeland intensified; mutual links between geographically distant diaspora groups became closer. The great political changes in the homeland gave the Latvian diaspora the push necessary to fully develop and become an active ethno‑national diaspora.

10

Städteheraldik Lettlands im Mittelalter

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Sne S.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2016

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issue 23

41-53

DE

Die Entwicklung der munizipalen Wappen in Lettland, darunter die Entwicklung der Städtewappen lässt sich in mehrere aufeinanderfolgende Ettapen einteilen, auf Grund der in der heraldischen Symbolik und in den Wappen verlaufenen Abänderungen. Solcherart ist die Gestaltung und die Entwicklung der munizipalen Wappen Lettlands angefangen vom 13.Jh. bis Ende des 20.Jahrhunderts in 6 Abschnitte einzuteilen. Der erste Abschnitt ist der Urbeginn der mittelalterlichen Heraldik auf dem Territorium Lettlands und die Gestaltung der heraldischen Symbolik und damit ist auch die ursprüngliche Entwicklung der munizipalen Wappen in der Livländischen Zeit (13. Jh.- 1561) zu verbinden. Die Entwicklung der Städtewappen ist eng mit dem Erhalten der Stadtrechte verbunden. Die Stadrechte galten als Privileg und als Möglichkeit selbst entscheiden zu können. In der Livländischen Zeit haben 11 bevölkerte Orte Lettlands Stadtrechte erhalten: Rīga, Cēsis, Valmiera, Straupe, Aizpute, Kuldīga, Ventspils, Limbaži, Koknese, Piltene und Rauna. Die wichtigste Frage, auf die der Forscher der Städteheraldik Lettlands antworten muss, lautet: können wir im Mittelalter Städtewappen Livlands feststellen oder müssen wir jedoch von der heraldischen Symbolik sprechen, die auf Münzen und Siegeln dargestellt ist, beziehungsweise in den wichtigsten Forschungsquellen dieser Zeitperiode. In der Regel wird schon seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts behauptet, dass die Städtesiegel mit den darauf geschilderten heraldischen Elementen vom Bestehen der Städtewappen zeugen. Bis zum Ende des 16.Jahrhunderts gibt es keine Quellen, die behaupten lassen würden, dass die Städtesymbolik überhaupt verliehen worden wäre, ohne über die Gesetze zu sprechen, die sich auf die Verleihung der Symbolik, Verwendungsreglementierung beziehen würden. In der livländischen Zeitperiode kann mann über die Entstehung und Entwicklung der heraldischen Symbolik der Städte sprechen, denn nur vereinzelt in den Quellen der damaligen Heraldik – auf den Siegeln und Münzen – ist es möglich die Darstellung der heraldischen Symbolik auf dem Shild festzustellen. Deshalb kann man nicht in der Geschichte der Städteheraldik Lettlands im Mittelalter über die Wappen von allen Städten sprechen. Korrekt wäre es die mittelalterliche Städteheraldik als die protoheraldische Etappe der Städtewappen anzusehen, für die die Verwendung der heraldischen Symbolik, die sich später in den Wappen festsetzt, charakteristisch ist.

11

Slow strengthening of Latvia’s resilience in preventing and combating corruption: an analysis of causes

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Khoma N., Vdovychyn I.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2023

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vol. 1

87-100

EN

The aim of the article is to present the authors’ assessment of the effectiveness of the anti-corruption policy in Latvia, to establish the compliance of national anti-corruption strategies with the EU goals in terms of preventing and combating corruption. The research methods aim at confirming a hypothesis that in order to deepen anti-corruption reforms and strengthen resilience in the fight against corruption, it is not enough for Latvia to conduct only institutional reforms, but it is important to promote anti-corruption values. The study is based on the methodology of new institutionalism and axiological analysis. The authors argue that if the role of non-democratic values is significant, it will slow down the progressive institutional reforms needed to bring Latvia’s anti-corruption policies fully in line with EU development strategies.

12

Model relacji państwo – kościół w Republice Łotewskiej

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Giżyńska M.

Studia Politologiczne

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2012

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vol. 23

289-299

EN

The article concerns on state and church relationship in the Republic of Latvia. The Author presents law provisions relating Religious Organization and Constitution of the Republic of Latvia. The Author analyses some issues such as: legal status of religious organizations, freedoms and rights of religious organizations and its limits, the role of religious organization in society and the state – church relationship in the Republic of Latvia.

13

INSTITUCIONĀLĀS VIDES ATTĪSTĪBA UN BANKU STABILITĀTE LATVIJĀ

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Baltgailis J., Menshikov V., Šipilova V.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2018

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issue 2

61-72

EN

Institutional environment and its quality are significant for the soundness of banks. In this context, it is of high importance to detect correctly those spheres of institutional environment, which are the most important for the soundness of banks and require improvements in each concrete case. During the analysis, the authors of the paper pay attention exactly to the development of institutional environment of bank sector and topical risks for the soundness of banks in Latvia. The authors study changes of the institutional environment of bank sector in Latvia, as well as find the linkage between institutions introduced in to the Latvian bank sector during the time analysed and the soundness of banks. As a result of the analysis, the authors offer periodization of the development of institutional environment of bank sector taking into account significant events for development of institutional environment and soundness of banks. The authors also demonstrate the linkage between the elements of institutional environment that are potentially significant for the soundness of banks and soundness of banks. Novelty of the research appears in the authors’ approach to evaluate the soundness of banks in Latvia in context of quality of institutional environment, as well as internationally comparable data of Global Competitiveness Report. These allow detecting the most significant elements of institutional environment for the soundness of banks in Latvia.

14

Städteheraldik Lettlands im Mittelalter

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Sne S.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2016

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issue 23

41-53

PL

Rozwój heraldyki miast Łotwy, w tym w szczególności rozwój herbów miejskich w okresie od XIII do końca XX w., można podzielić na 6 etapów, uwzgledniających zmiany zachodzące w symbolice heraldycznej i w samych herbach. Pierwszym z nich jest „prapoczątek” średniowiecznej heraldyki w okresie, gdy Inflanty były we władaniu zakonu kawalerów mieczowych (od XIII w. do 1561 r.). W tym czasie powstawała symbolika heraldyczna i herby miejskie. Rozwój herbów miejskich jest ściśle związany z otrzymywaniem praw miejskich. Były one traktowane jako przywilej i możliwość samostanowienia. Do 1561 r. w Inflantach prawa miejskie otrzymało 11 miejscowości: Ryga, Cēsis (Wenden, Kieś), Valmiera (Wolmar), Straupe (Roop), Aizpute (Hasenpoth, Hazenpot), Kuldīga (Goldingen, Kultyga, Goldynga), Ventspils (Windau, Windawa), Limbaži (Lemsal), Koknese (Kokenhausen, Kokenhuza), Piltene (Pilten, Piltyń) i Rauna (Runeburg, Rumbork). Najważniejszym pytaniem, z którym stykają się badacze heraldyki Łotwy, brzmi: czy możemy stwierdzić istnienie średniowiecznych herbów miast w Inflantach, czy też należy raczej mówić o symbolice heraldycznej, przedstawianej na monetach, pieczęciach i innych materiałach źródłowych z tego czasu. Z reguły już od połowy XIX w. upowszechnia się twierdzenie, iż pieczęcie miast z przedstawionymi na nich elementami heraldycznymi dowodzą istnienia herbów miast. Do końca XVI w. brak jest źródeł, które pozwalałyby stwierdzić, że istniały zasady regulujące stosowanie symboliki (heraldyki) miejskiej. W odniesieniu do czasów przed 1561 r. można mówić o powstaniu i rozwoju heraldycznej symboliki miejskiej, gdyż w nielicznych źródłach ówczesnej heraldyki – na pieczęciach i monetach – daje się udokumentować istnienie symboliki heraldycznej na tarczach herbowych. Dlatego nie można mówić o herbach w odniesieniu do wszystkich miast średniowiecznej Łotwy. Właściwszym punktem widzenia byłoby rozpatrywanie średniowiecznej heraldyki jako okresu „przedheraldycznego” w rozwoju herbów miejskich. Dla tego etapu charakterystyczne było użycie symboliki heraldycznej, która dopiero później przekształciła się w herby miast.

EN

The development of the Latvian cities heraldry can be divided into 6 stages including in particular the evolution of the municipal coats of arms in the period from the 13th to the end of the 20th century as well as taking into account changes in the symbolism of heraldry and modifications of the coats of arms. The first is the beginnings of time of medieval heraldry in the period when Livonia was in the possession of Livonian Order (from the 13th c. to 1561). At that time the heraldic symbols and coats of arms of the cities were created. Development of the municipal coat of arms is closely connected with the granting of city rights. The city rights were regarded as a privilege, and the possibility of self-determination. The city rights were granted to 11 villages in Livonia by 1561, i.e. Riga, Cesis (Wenden, Cesis), Valmiera (Wolmar), Straupe (Roop), Aizpute (Hasenpoth, Hazenpot), Kuldīga (Goldingen, Kultyga, Goldynga), Ventspils (Windau, Ventspils), Limbaži (Lemsal), Koknese (Kokenhausen, Kokenhuza), Piltene (Pilten, Piltene) and Raun (Runeburg, Rumbork). The most important question for the Latvian heraldry researchers is whether we can determinate the existence of medieval coats of arms of cities and towns in Livonia, or it should be rather spoken of the heraldry symbols present on coins, seals and other source materials from that time. In general, since the mid-19th c. the opinion has been spreading that the seals of cities with heraldic elements prove the existence of municipal coats of arms. There are no sources which would allow to conclude that there were rules governing the use of municipal heraldry symbols by the end of the 16th c. With regard to the time before the year 1561 we can talk about the creation and development of the municipal heraldic symbolism, because in few sources of heraldry of that time – on seals and coins – existence of heraldic symbolism is to be proved. So it cannot be talked about coat of arms for all the medieval cities and towns of Latvia. A more appropriate point of view would be to consider the medieval heraldry as a pre-heraldic period in the development of municipal coats of arms. The use of heraldic symbols, that later evolved into the municipal coats of arms, is something that characterises that stage.

DE

Die Entwicklung der munizipalen Wappen in Lettland, darunter die Entwicklung der Städtewappen lässt sich in mehrere aufeinanderfolgende Ettapen einteilen, auf Grund der in der heraldischen Symbolik und in den Wappen verlaufenen Abänderungen. Solcherart ist die Gestaltung und die Entwicklung der munizipalen Wappen Lettlands angefangen vom 13.Jh. bis Ende des 20.Jahrhunderts in 6 Abschnitte einzuteilen. Der erste Abschnitt ist der Urbeginn der mittelalterlichen Heraldik auf dem Territorium Lettlands und die Gestaltung der heraldischen Symbolik und damit ist auch die ursprüngliche Entwicklung der munizipalen Wappen in der Livländischen Zeit (13. Jh.- 1561) zu verbinden. Die Entwicklung der Städtewappen ist eng mit dem Erhalten der Stadtrechte verbunden. Die Stadrechte galten als Privileg und als Möglichkeit selbst entscheiden zu können. In der Livländischen Zeit haben 11 bevölkerte Orte Lettlands Stadtrechte erhalten: Rīga, Cēsis, Valmiera, Straupe, Aizpute, Kuldīga, Ventspils, Limbaži, Koknese, Piltene und Rauna. Die wichtigste Frage, auf die der Forscher der Städteheraldik Lettlands antworten muss, lautet: können wir im Mittelalter Städtewappen Livlands feststellen oder müssen wir jedoch von der heraldischen Symbolik sprechen, die auf Münzen und Siegeln dargestellt ist, beziehungsweise in den wichtigsten Forschungsquellen dieser Zeitperiode. In der Regel wird schon seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts behauptet, dass die Städtesiegel mit den darauf geschilderten heraldischen Elementen vom Bestehen der Städtewappen zeugen. Bis zum Ende des 16.Jahrhunderts gibt es keine Quellen, die behaupten lassen würden, dass die Städtesymbolik überhaupt verliehen worden wäre, ohne über die Gesetze zu sprechen, die sich auf die Verleihung der Symbolik, Verwendungsreglementierung beziehen würden. In der livländischen Zeitperiode kann mann über die Entstehung und Entwicklung der heraldischen Symbolik der Städte sprechen, denn nur vereinzelt in den Quellen der damaligen Heraldik – auf den Siegeln und Münzen – ist es möglich die Darstellung der heraldischen Symbolik auf dem Shild festzustellen. Deshalb kann man nicht in der Geschichte der Städteheraldik Lettlands im Mittelalter über die Wappen von allen Städten sprechen. Korrekt wäre es die mittelalterliche Städteheraldik als die protoheraldische Etappe der Städtewappen anzusehen, für die die Verwendung der heraldischen Symbolik, die sich später in den Wappen festsetzt, charakteristisch ist.

15

Debt relief or exit: the long-term effects of forex loans on Latvian households

88%

Saulītis A.

Critical Housing Analysis

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2022

|

vol. 9

|

issue 1

48-56

EN

The stubborn decision of the Latvian government to join the eurozone at any cost put a great burden on Latvian households after the crisis of 2008. Nevertheless, no popular protest movement emerged to change the course of this decision. This study discusses why Latvians undertook individual strategies to cope with the forex loan crisis. Particularly, I look at the choice between formal debt relief procedures and emigration as alternative individual strategies for defaulted debtors. These programmes have not reversed the negative migration trends or significantly decreased the number of Latvian households in arrears. Debt discharge is mainly attainable for wealthy individuals who are able to mobilise their financial and kinship resources. Worse-off debtors cannot attain debt discharge or are stigmatised during the process. Alternatively, emigration has offered a way to cope with overindebtedness and keep up with mortgages and consumer loan payments for a much larger segment of the debtor population.

16

CAN INTERREGIONAL BRANDING STRATEGIES WORK? IMPACT OF THE “BALTIC SEA REGION’S UMBRELLA BRAND” ON THE BALTIC COUNTRIES IN AN ECONOMIC CONTEXT

88%

Šipilova V., Baldi G.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

|

2012

|

issue 2

62-77

EN

According to the “Vilnius Declaration”, the Baltic Sea Region should become one of the most prosperous, innovative and competitive regions in the world by 2020. Achieving this goal is a challenge, because the Baltic Sea Region consists of countries that considerably differ in size and economic development. As Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania Audronius Azubalis said: “The Baltic Sea Region continues to be amongst the most competitive and innovative areas in the world. However, there are still significant disparities in a competitive advantage in different parts of the region”. The Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which are in focus of this research, are characterized with limited economic power and country size, what could make providing successful national brand more difficult. But strengthening such an umbrella brand could have highly beneficial effects for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, because the development of an own successful nation brand associated with quality and competence usually takes a long time. The research aim of this paper is to evaluate whether the “umbrella” brand of the Baltic Sea Region is associated with positive economic connotations and can benefit Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. To this aim, content analysis is used. Articles in themes of economics, business and finance from the independent weekly newspaper “The Baltic Times”, covering all three Baltic countries are analyzed and screened for the key word “Baltic Sea Region”. Standard techniques are used to evaluate whether the key word is mentioned in a positive or negative context. The findings imply that the Baltic Sea Region is often mentioned within a positive context. The mentions relate e.g. to the region’s economic potential and the possible benefits of a stronger cooperation among the individual countries. However, the research results do not indicate that there are already substantial positive spillover effects (benefits from “umbrella brand”) from one country to another.

17

Napisy nagrobne w Rzeżycy i Krasławiu (Łotwa) jako przykład koegzystencji kultur i języków w Łatgalii

88%

Ostrówka M. M.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

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2014

|

vol. 38

40-66

EN

The article presents structural and linguistic analysis of tomb inscriptions in two cemeteries in Latgale, Latvia – in Rēzekne and Kraslava. Five types of inscriptions are presented: nominative-identifying, locating-identifying, inscriptions with eschatological expressions, inscriptions with an invocation to the deceased and inscriptions on symbolic tombs. The Polish tombs do not differ from Latvian ones. Sometimes it is difficult to define the nationality of the person buried in a given grave, e.g. when the surname has a Polish ending (Lipowski) and the inscription is in Latvian. The article mentions a few traces of the influence of the Orthodox culture, represented by high fences made of metal surrounding the grave. The linguistic analysis showed similarity of the inscriptions from Latvia to those from Lithuania and Belarus. It can be confirmed by the presence of such features of the North Borderland as akanye, ukanye, reduction e > i/y, soft pronunciation of consonants l’, č’, d’, t’, r’. One can also observe the influence of the neighbouring languages, Russian and Latvian, on the Polish language, i.e. mixing letters and their functions. The similarity can be noticed in the form of graves – they are earth graves with a tombstone at the head including identifying data, religious symbols and portraits of the deceased.

PL

W artykule dokonano analizy strukturalnej i językowej napisów nagrobnych na dwóch cmentarzach na Łotwie w Łatgalii – w Rzeżycy (Rēzekne) i Krasławiu (Krāslava). Przedstawiono 5 typów inskrypcji: nominatywno-identyfikacyjne, lokatywno-identyfikacyjne, inskrypcje ze zwrotami eschatologicznymi, inskrypcje z inwokacją do osoby zmarłej oraz inskrypcje na grobach symbolicznych. Polskie nagrobki nie różnią się od łotewskich. Czasami wręcz trudno stwierdzić, jakiej narodowości były osoby pochowane w danym grobie, np. gdy nazwisko posiada polski sufiks -ski (np. Lipowski ), a napis jest po łotewsku. Nieliczne są ślady wpływu kultury prawosławnej w postaci wysokich metalowych ogrodzeń. Analiza językowa wykazała podobieństwo napisów z Łotwy do inskrypcji z Litwy i Białorusi. Potwierdza to obecność takich cech północnokresowych, jak: akanie, ukanie, redukcja e > i/y, miękka realizacja spółgłosek l’, č’, d’, t’, r’. Zauważalny jest także wpływ języków sąsiadujących – rosyjskiego i łotewskiego na polszczyznę polegający głównie na mieszaniu liter i ich funkcji. Podobieństwo obejmuje także formę nagrobków – groby są ziemne z płytą u wezgłowia, na której wygrawerowane są dane identyfikacyjne, symbole religijne oraz portrety zmarłych.

18

European Green Deal: The Transformation of Consumer Behaviour and Business Marketing Communication as Opportunities to Increase Consumer Involvement in the Sorting of Waste in Latvia

88%

Blumfelde-Rutka K.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

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2023

|

vol. 27

|

issue 1

163-176

EN

The European Green Deal is the European Union's latest expression of its ambition to become a world leader in addressing climate change (Kleinberga, 2020). Adaptation to climate change (CCh) is a key priority of the European Union (EU), exemplified by the EU's efforts to become “the first climate-neutral continent” (European Union, 2019) in the world by 2050. This article aims to analyse opportunities to increase consumer involvement in the context of waste sorting and climate change in Latvia, based on theoretical knowledge about consumer behaviour and empirical data analysis, to develop recommendations for marketing communication and consumer behaviour in the context of climate change content for waste management companies. There is a necessity to understand how to increase consumer involvement in waste-sorting due to the increasing amount of waste both in Latvia and the rest of the world. The following research methods have been used: the monographic method, secondary data analysis, the discourse analysis/coding method, the graphical method, and the qualitative method - a focus group interview. The most significant barriers that discourage consumers from sorting waste are the lack of infrastructure, the lack of information on how to sort waste properly and waste's environmental impact, as well as the complex system that allows for differences in waste-sorting between municipalities and even neighbourhoods in the same city. Recommendations were developed

19

Profesor Marian Biskup i polskie badania nad Inflantami

88%

Dybaś B.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2012

|

vol. 77

|

issue 4

87-100

EN

Although in terms of quantity the number of works devoted to the problem of Livonia written by Marian Biskup is not considerable, his contribution to the revival of Polish research on Livonia in the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern Period cannot be overestimated. Marian Biskup’s interest in the field resulted from his research on the Teutonic Order in the 15th and 16th centuries, which caused that the region started to be appreciated in the history of Poland. However, the role of Marian Biskup in Polish research on Livonia is considerable mainly due to his organizational and inspiring activities, which included promoting the problem of Livonia in Zapiski Historyczne from the 1960s, independent publications and organization of conferences, inspiring and institutionalizing the research on Livonia of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period within Toruń’s branch of the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The political breakthrough of 1989–1991 constituted an important turning point in Marian Biskup’s activities, for it allowed him to maintain wider contacts with Latvian and Estonian historians and to use Latvian and Estonian archival sources.

20

Demographic policy of Latvia: problems and prospects

88%

Tsaurkubule Z.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

|

2017

|

issue 465

156-165

EN

The article examines the effects of influence of demographic policy on the formation and development of human resources in Latvia. The objective of the article aims to determine “weak points” of population system’s policy and develop the conceptual proposals that will resolve existing disputes. The main indicators characterizing a demographic situation in Latvia are analysed. The results of the analysis indicate the existence of deep demographic crisis in Latvia. Without taking effective measures to improve the demographic situation, the population of Latvia will decrease dramatically. In the conclusion, the proposals on the increasing the effectiveness of the system of demographic policy in Latvia were put forward.

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