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On the Formal Approach to Describing Natural Language. Notes on the Margin of Leśniewski’s Ontology

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Święczkowska H.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2015

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vol. 42

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issue 1

67-78

EN

This article is an attempt to recreate the intuitions which accompanied Leśniewski when he was creating his calculus of names called Ontology. Although every reconstruction is to some extent an interpretation, and as such may be defective, still, there are reasons justifying such reconstruction. The most important justification is the fact that both Leśniewski and his commentators stressed that ontology originated from reflections about ordinary language, in which sentences such as A is B appear in one of the meanings associated with them in Ontology, and that the users of the Polish language use such sentences accordingly and properly identify them. Assumed it is so, let us try, based on Leśniewski’s guidelines as well as comments and elaborations on Ontology (Leśniewski 1992: 364-382, 608-609; Kotarbiński 1929: 227-229; Rickey 1977: 414-229; Simons 1992: 244; Lejewski 1960: 14-29), to evaluate the accuracy of this approach, referring also to certain knowledge of the Polish language. To make it clear, this article is not about Ontology as a formal theory of language. It is solely an attempt to assess whether some syntactical constructs of the Polish language and this language’s properties are significant conditions of a proper understanding of Ontology, and whether Ontology is, in fact, in a relationship with the ethnic language of its author.

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On minimal models for pure calculi of names

88%

Kulicki P.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2013

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vol. 22

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issue 4

429–443

EN

By pure calculus of names we mean a quantifier-free theory, based on the classical propositional calculus, which defines predicates known from Aristotle’s syllogistic and Leśniewski’s Ontology. For a large fragment of the theory decision procedures, defined by a combination of simple syntactic operations and models in two-membered domains, can be used. We compare the system which employs `ε’ as the only specific term with the system enriched with functors of Syllogistic. In the former, we do not need an empty name in the model, so we are able to construct a 3-valued matrix, while for the latter, for which an empty name is necessary, the respective matrices are 4-valued.

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O NAZYWANIU PRZEDMIOTÓW – CZYLI JAK TADEUSZ KOTARBIŃSKI UCZY ROZUMIEĆ ONTOLOGIĘ STANISŁAWA LEŚNIEWSKIEGO

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Trypuz R.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 1

37-51

EN

This article presents an attempt to fund Ontology of StanisOaw Leeniewski on a simple theory with one primitive relation “being denoted by”. Developed theory shows that to the linguistic model of the Ontology can belong only such general names that in their extensions have at least two objects (references) denoted by individual names.

PL

Artykuł jest próbą ufundowania małej, elementarnej Ontologii Stanisława Leśniewskiego na prostej teorii relacji „podpadania przedmiotu pod nazwę”. Skonstruowana teoria pokazuje, że do lingwistycznego modelu Ontologii mogą należeć tylko takie nazwy ogólne, które maja co najmniej dwa desygnaty mające swoje nazwy indywidualne.

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1 Logic and Logical Philosophy

1 Roczniki Filozoficzne

1 Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

1 2015

1 2014

1 2013

1 Kulicki P.

1 Trypuz R.

1 Święczkowska H.

On the Formal Approach to Describing Natural Language. Notes on the Margin of Leśniewski’s Ontology

On minimal models for pure calculi of names

O NAZYWANIU PRZEDMIOTÓW – CZYLI JAK TADEUSZ KOTARBIŃSKI UCZY ROZUMIEĆ ONTOLOGIĘ STANISŁAWA LEŚNIEWSKIEGO