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Fiction Propels the World, from Artificial Intelligence, Genetic Engineering to Augmented Society - on Some Aspects of Stanisław Lem’s Works

100%
Banaś M.
The New Educational Review
|
2021
|
vol. 64
29-38
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of Stanisław Lem’s works, an outstanding representative of Polish science fiction, philosopher and futurologist, on the shape of reality in which we currently function. Undoubtedly, Lem’s writings are a collection of predictions that describe, with unprecedented accuracy, the technologies of virtual reality, nanotechnology, biotechnology or robotics long before they were created. Are we living in a world that was described by one man many years ago? The research method used in this study is the content analysis of the selected novels by Stanisław Lem and the analysis of available secondary data. Let us therefore examine, on the one hand, the predictions of the Polish writer related to the development of the latest technologies, the advent of which he forecasted many years before they were created, and, on the other hand, let us consider what social consequences resulting from such a rapid progress in the field of technology the Polish futurologist warns us about.
2
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Goethe a Lem

88%
Gomułka Ł.
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
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2017
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issue 4(21)
40-49
EN
In this article ‘Lem and Goethe’, the author compares the figure of Stanislaw Lem to J.W. Goethe, whereas Lem’s oeuvre to ‘Faust’. There are two reasons for such a comparison. First, the scope of subjects raised by the Polish writer is perhaps even wider than the German one’s. The second thing is their great insight into these subjects. When Lem and Goethe are compared, it should be noticed that both their personalities (certain openness to the world and environment, participation in discussions, vast correspondence) and artistic and scientific interests (distinct exceeding limits by both of them) are similar. The author of the article takes notice of the fact that there is a tremendous difference between Lem’s works and ‘Faust’, because Lem’s are structurally and formally scattered. While there is no doubt that ‘Lem is also a philosopher writing great novels, not a novelist that possesses his own philosophy, like many others’ and that such output is ‘cognitively homogenous’, such state of affairs significantly hinders reception and interpretation of his oeuvre. The author of the text observes that by contrast with ‘Faust’, the character of Lem’s works is scattered not only in terms of content but also formally. That is because the author of ‘Summa Technologiae’ continually adopted new means of expression for his thoughts.
3
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Unspeakable Otherness—an Essay on the Failure of Cognitive and Epistemic Communication Tools in Stanislaw Lem’s Solaris

88%
Doubinsky S. b.
Filozofia i nauka. Studia filozoficzne i interdyscyplinarne
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2022
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vol. 10
13-25
EN
Stanislaw Lem is one of the most famous figures of the Polish science fiction in post-world war two Europe. Solaris. His most famous novel, was published in 1961, and was adapted twice for the big screen, first in 1971 by Andrej Tarkovski, and in 2002 by Steven Soderbergh. The plot revolves around the psychologist Kris Kelvin, who is sent on the planet Solaris to try to find out if it is possible to communicate with the alien ocean that covers almost all of its surface. Confronted with a strange phenomenon and colleagues turned paranoid, Kelvin tries at first to understand what is going on at the space station. The unexplained arrival of the döppleganger of his ex-partner, Harey, will little by little make him accept the absurdity of his task and possibly of life itself. As Lem himself refused any final interpretation of his novel, there has of course been a flourish of them. One can however choose this exegetic impossibility as a major theme in the novel, and reflect on the implications of the situation Kelvin faces, caught between a desire to understand the nature of Solaris’s ocean and the sheer failure of doing so. In this essay, we will try to suggest that, by showing the limits of language as the means to express a satisfying epistemic frame, Lem’s parabol could be seen as an attempt to show the reader the existential limits of our anthropocentrism and scientific hubris.
4
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Possible Worlds of Planet Solaris: The Reader’s Consciousness in the Condition of Indeterminacy

87%
Grebeniuk T.
Przestrzenie Teorii
|
2020
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issue 33
209-227
PL
The article examines the specifics of the reader’s reception of Stanisław Lem’s novel Solaris in the context of indeterminacy, and the openness of the work to interpretation. The paper examines literary approaches to the formation of meaning in the process of reading this novel, in particular those implemented in Manfred Geier and Istvan Jr. Csicsery-Ronay works. Marie-Laure Ryan’s adaptation of the theory of possible worlds to literary analysis is employed as the methodological basis of my research. On the one hand, the effect of indeterminacy corresponds to the fantastic nature of the conditionality of Lem’s novel. Indeed, the key issue of the work – the encounter of humans with the unknown – requires the author to apply the potential of secrecy. On the other hand, this highly literary work (as well as Andrei Tarkovsky’s film adaptation) is endowed with multiple and ambiguous semantic codes that appeal to the depths of human consciousness and the unconscious. These codes cannot be interpreted unambiguously and, therefore, also provoke a state of uncertainty in the reader. In the textual actual world, semantic codes produce indeterminacy. They are linked to the essence of the single inhabitant of the Solaris, the Ocean, and phantoms created by it who visit the Station. In the novel protagonist’s Kris Kelvin personal world, the state of indeterminacy is associated with the existential essence of his relationship with his beloved Rheya and the problem of making contact with extraterrestrial intelligence. The surreal imagery of Kris’s dreams and visions provide for possible interpretations of the semantic codes of his world.
5
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Hiob na stacji kosmicznej. O cielesności, pamięci i oniryzmie w Solaris Stanisława Lema

87%
Kucharczyk Ł.
|
2020
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vol. 68
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issue 1
91-113
EN
This article discusses how the subjects of carnality, memory and dreams influence the reading of Lem's Solaris. The article starts with a discussion of the novel as an open text allowing for multiple interpretations, then it moves on to the innovation of the Alien model presented by Lem. The problems related to body, memory and sleep are generated in the text by the character of Harey, the double of the protagonist's long dead fiancée recreated on Solaris through Kelvin's memories. The author tries to answer the question of whether the woman can be called a human being and what exactly determines that − biology, or an act that is ethically marked? The article also describes the role of memory in the protagonist's internal metamorphosis, as well as mentioning the intertextual trope of Kochanka Szamoty by Stanisław Grabiński.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o tym, jak temat cielesności, pamięci i snu wpływa na lekturę Lemowskiej Solaris. Rozpoczyna się od ukazania powieści jako tekstu wielointerpretacyjnego i otwartego, następnie przechodzę do kwestii innowacyjności modelu Obcego zaprezentowanego przez Lema. Problemy związane z ciałem, pamięcią i snem generuje w tekście postać Harey: będąca sobowtórem dawno zmarłej narzeczonej głównego bohatera zostaje odtworzona na Solaris poprzez wspomnienia Kelvina. Staram się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy kobietę można nazwać istotą ludzką oraz co o tym decyduje. Biologia? Czyn nacechowany etycznie? Opisuję także rolę pamięci w zmianie zachodzącej w głównym bohaterze oraz wspominam o intertekstualnym tropie, jakim jest Kochanka Szamoty Stanisława Grabińskiego.
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Talking Animalish in Science-Fiction Creations. Some Thoughts on Literary Zoomorphism

75%
Kordos P.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2014
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issue 1
219-226
EN
I would like to point out an interesting technique in picturing the aliens in SF books and TV series. In order to differentiate the humans and the extraterrestrials, writers give the latter animal traits: they “talk animalish,” borrowing from the animal world elements that would serve as a way of describing what is not human. The first part of the below text presents some of the most popular animal aliens in the recent SF history. The second is concentrated on writings of China Miéville and Stanisław Lem. Miéville’s world, Bas-Lag, abounds in curious animal sentient races. The writer has defined in detail one more race, Ariekei, for the needs of his latest book. Lem, on the other hand, is a great and humorous theoretician of how they aliens would look like and what the ways we think about them are.
7
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Unspeakable Otherness - an Essay on the Failure of Cognitive and Epistemic Communication Tools in Stanislaw Lem’s Solaris

75%
Doubinsky S.
Filozofia i Nauka
|
2022
|
vol. 10
8

Stanisław Lem: Lukrecjusz ze Lwowa

75%
Okołowski P.
Edukacja Filozoficzna
|
2018
|
issue 65
33-43
EN
Lem began his writing career during the Second World War under the German and Soviet occupation (in Polish Lviv) and during the early postwar years. The war and the subsequent period of Stalinism in Poland had a deep impact on him. Lem is the most famous Polish writer, not Jewish, but first of all he is par exellence a great philosopher, like Schopenhauer, Russell, Popper or Kotarbiński. I call his position in the philosophy as „rationalistic naturalism with metaphysical extensions”. Lem agreed with this opinion. One can call his outlook an enlightened anthropological manichaeism or the philosophy of inequality. Lem gave ideas, which relate to the problem of evil to issue of community (human propensity for evil and the temporal-social nature of man). I repeat my main proposition (2010): the philosophy of Stanisław Lem is Neo-Lucretianism and Lem can be called the Lucretius of 20th century. The philosophical system of Lem is parallel to the ancient poem De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things), written in the first century B.C. by the famous Roman poet and philosopher Titus Lucretius Carus. The Antireligiosity of both philosophers doesn’t concern all religions; it opposes the one which propagates a false outlook upon life. Therefore, their antireligiosity goes together with apologetics of religion. Lucretius and Lem don’t negate the religiousness, i.e. religious disturbance of the soul. In opinion of Lucretius gods are necessary for people, Lem is of the opinion that God is “the beneficial power”. Lem also says that the Christian system of values is the most proper from the point of view of human nature. He repeats after Schopenhauer and Feuerbach (also Lucretius) that religion is a remedy for the fearful certainty of death. Lem – the atheist in common parlance – from the Christian point of view is the man of ‘strange faith’. There is an eschatology in his outlook, though a worldly (finitistic) one, which clearly has a Lucretian nature. In opinion of both there are two attributes of the Cosmos: extermination (Lucretius says mors immortalis, Lem – holocaust), and creation. A mortal human finds comfort in the idea that ‘other worlds’ come into being in the dead Cosmos eternally and ‘different minds’ are born in them.
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Literatura polska w Japonii

71%
Zajączkowski R.
|
2016
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vol. 7
|
issue 3
147-169
PL
Literatura polska w Japonii zaczęła być znana szczególnie od lat dwudziestych XX wieku. Wiązało się to z odzyskaniem przez Polskę niepodległości, a tym samym zwiększeniem kontaktów między oboma krajami. Najbardziej znanym polskim pisarzem stał się Henryk Sienkiewicz dzięki Quo vadis, ale przed II wojną światową przetłumaczono też Chłopów Władysława S. Reymonta i fragmenty Popiołów Stefana Żeromskiego. W okresie międzywojennym przebywali w Japonii polscy artyści i duchowni (o. Maksymilian Kolbe). Po II wojnie światowej od 1957 r. wzajemne kontakty odżyły. Działalność na polu kultury wyprzedzała często kontakty polityczne. Na japoński przełożono prawie całą twórczość Stanisława Lema, Brunona Schulza, Witolda Gombrowicza i Witkacego. Znana w Japonii jest też polska literatura dla dzieci i młodzieży. Z literatury współczesnej czytelników znalazły zwłaszcza książki Małgorzaty Musierowicz. Wśród slawistów znany jest i coraz częściej komentowany Adam Mickiewicz. W stosunkowo niewielkim zakresie przełożono utwory Czesława Miłosza i Wisławy Szymborskiej. Brak tłumaczeń i fachowych opracowań historycznoliterackich powoduje, że obraz współczesnej literatury polskiej jest w tym kraju wciąż mocno ograniczony, choć powoli dokonuje się stopniowy postęp.
EN
Polish literature in Japan began to gain notoriety, especially since the 1920s. It was connected with the regaining of independence by Poland, thereby increasing contact between those two countries. Thanks to Quo Vadis, Henryk Sienkiewicz became the most famous Polish writer, but before World War II, Peasants by Władysław S. Reymont and excerpts of Ashes by Stefan Żeromski were also translated. In the interwar period Polish artists and clergy (father Maximilian Kolbe) were staying in Japan. After World War II mutual contacts have been revived since 1957. The activity in the field of culture was often ahead of political contacts. Almost all works of Stanisław Lem, Brono Schulz, Witold Gombrowicz and Witkacy have been translated to Japanese. Also, Polish literature for children and youth is known in Japan. Among contemporary literature the books of Małgorzata Musierowicz have been particularly successful in finding readers. Among Slavists Adam Mickiewicz is well known and increasingly more commented on. In a relatively small range the works of Czesław Miłosz and Wisława Szymborska were translated. However, the lack of translations and professional historical and literary elaborations makes it so that the image of contemporary Polish literature in the country is still very limited, albeit there’s still gradual progress.
10
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Rozważania o filozofii umysłu na podstawie Dialogów Stanisława Lema

63%
Owczarek K.
Filozofia i nauka. Studia filozoficzne i interdyscyplinarne
|
2018
|
vol. 6
181-195
PL
W dotychczasowej recepcji Dialogów Stanisława Lema przyjmuje się, że cała moc argumentacyjna skoncentrowana jest na dialogu ostatnim, w którym pisarz — używając terminologii z zakresu cybernetyki — poddaje krytyce ustrój centralnie sterowany. Autorka podejmuje polemikę z przyjętą opinią i wskazuje na inne zadanie, które postawił przed sobą Lem: czy możliwe jest, a jeśli tak, to pod jakimi warunkami, przeszczepienie ludzkiej świadomości na elektromózg? Tym tropem podąża autorka w niniejszym artykule, analizując warunki konieczne i wystarczające do przeprowadzenia transferu świadomości na nośnik niebiologiczny. Przedstawia też stanowisko Lema w odniesieniu do teorii tożsamości osobowej, koncepcji świadomości czy roli, jaką przypisuje on technologii.
EN
The aim of this article is to present Lem’s philosophy of mind. The author bases it on Dialogues — the first Lem’s philosophical essays published in 1957. It is emphasized that at that time Lem was influenced by cybernetics. I present connections between cybernetics and Lem's theory. He considered such issues as: consciousness, machine consciousness, personal identity. What is more, he investigated if immortality was available to human. I reconstruct his conception of mind and its anthropological and ontological consequences.
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