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„РОДЫ ЛЮБВИ” В РАННЕМ ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ Л.Н. ТОЛСТОГО

100%
Базилевская А.
Acta Neophilologica
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2010
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vol. XII
153-173
EN
A number of early works by L.N. Tolstoy is devoted to the problems of love in its modifications, modulations and shades. Tolstoy who, as an artist, discovered the law of “fluidity” of human person proves here that love states are multidimensional and changeable, that movement is the nature of love itself. Love feeling goes through its different kinds: from “beautiful” and “selfless” love to ideal, highly moral “active” love. Gradations are relative, differences among “kinds of love” are caused by degree of presence of subjective-egoistic element. Stages of “dialectics” of feelings are interconnected with emotional and spiritual development of the personality. Tolstoy is sure that man is free in choice of his own way in the life of heart and in his responsibility for it to his own life and other people.
2

Engels i Tołstoj. Podmiotowość w epoce wojny totalnej

86%
Sokolski M.
Nowa Krytyka
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2014
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issue 32
163-183
EN
The purpose of this article is to compare the philosophical insight on war offered in the writings of Friedrich Engels and Lev Tolstoy. Their views are treated as two different but complementary approaches to solve the problem of relation between the absolute and the real war, as posed by Carl von Clausewitz. According to Clausewit, the armed forces, including the supporting civilian facilities, could be treated as a sort of "war machine" which, in the time of peace, remains under control of political institutions. At the outbreak of war, the army apparatus tends to gain self-reliance, directing more and more to its own imperative: "destroy the enemy at all costs". This process is greatly facilitated by the prolonged lack of conclusive victory by either of warring parties. As a result, a "real war", which was started to accomplish some political goal, is gradually turning into an "absolute war", which is the aim in itself.
3
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Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol and Lev Tolstoy’s Where Love Is, There Is God Also: The Quest For the Meaning of Life

86%
Pudełko B.
Slavia Orientalis
|
2021
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vol. LXX
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issue 3
4
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Stát v křesťansko-anarchistické ideologii tolstojovce Valentina Bulgakova. Dějiny jednoho pacifismu

72%
Pícha V.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2017
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vol. 103
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issue 2
319-342
EN
This essay traces the evolution of the attitudes of Valentin Fyodorovich Bulgakov, a Tolstoyan Christian anarchist, pacifist, and Russian emigrant, towards the institution of the state, mainly during his interwar period of exile in Czechoslovakia. Its goal is to capture the way the following influences worked together in shaping his ideological conceptions: the Russian prerevolutionary and revolutionary milieu translated into the Central European reality of a national state with a liberal democratic regime; the influence of collaboration with western European pacifist organizations; the influence of the atmosphere in an interwar Europe split into defenders and implacable opponents of the Soviet regime; and of course the influence of the social and political development of Europe between the two world wars and during the second of them. The research methodology is based in an analysis of Bulgakov’s journalistic work, organizational activities, and correspondence which is found in the materials from his written estate that are stored in the Memorial of National Literature in Prague, and the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts in Moscow. These sources are examined in the context of the development of religiously and secularly-motivated pacifism. From the analysis, it is evident that despite his rigorous insistence of maintaining the principle of not participating in armed activities of the state in the interwar period; a time when, particularly in the 1930s, a substantial part of the pacifist contingent was inclined towards some form of armed resistance to the war, the shock of the Nazi expansion represented a turning point for Bulgakov that marked his retreat from ethical radicalism towards a more conformist defense of the purportedly peaceful politics of the Soviet Union.
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