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The Transformation of Basic Research into Commercial Value: Economics Aspects and Practical Issues

100%
Levy H. V.
Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
|
2011
|
vol. 7
4-15
EN
Basic research may be considered as the first step in the knowledge generation or innovation process. Knowledge is probably recognized as the most important factor in the development of national economies. Governments therefore have a role in ensuring and subsidizing the basic science to generate knowledge aimed to improve social welfare. Since basic research is conducted mainly at universities nowadays, they should set to support all aspects of knowledge generation and transfer - from basic research (invention) to innovation and ultimately, to commercialization. The transformation of knowledge or innovation into commercial value depends primarily on efficient pathway(s) of technology transfer by universities’ technology transfer organizations. Ideally, universities should seek to transfer technology to the private sector in order to capture the benefits of commercialization of their innovation. However, in circumstances where the innovation is at an early or premature stage, consequently far from materializing to a product, licensing to industrial enterprises is not (always) plausible, hence feasible alternatives should be sought. In this short review, we argue possible modi operandi to achieve these goals.
2

Voicing of obstruents in Old Polish: An analysis of compensatory lengthening

67%
Wojciechowska E.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
|
2015
|
vol. 63
|
issue 11: Anglica
125-144
EN
In this paper it is suggested that in the ancestral stages of the system, Polish obstruents were characterized by the presence of an H element responsible for voicelessness instead of an L element, interpreted phonetically as full voicing, postulated for Present-day Polish and other Slavic systems. This claim is made on the basis of a CVCV analysis of Compensatory Lengthening—a process which affected the majority of the Slavic world in the period when particular Slavic languages were evolving from Common Slavic.
PL
Artykuł formułuje tezę, że w początkowych stadiach istnienia języka polskiego spółgłoski zwarte i zwarto-szczelinowe w tym systemie charakteryzowały się obecnością elementu H, odpowiedzialnego za bezdźwięczność, nie zaś elementu L, fonetycznie wyrażanego jako pełna dźwięczność we współczesnej polszczyźnie (i pozostałych językach słowiańskich). Propozycja ta jest oparta na analizie wzdłużenia zastępczego w modelu CVCV – procesu, który można zaobserwować w większości języków słowiańskich w momencie ich wyodrębniania się z języka pra-słowiańskiego.
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