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2
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EN
The present article summarizes new information proveded by the State Security investigation file against Jiří Kolář regarding the text of Prometheova játra and changes made to it before the first attempt at book publication (1970). The article centres around a comparison of the typescript confiscated in 1952 at Václav Černý's home and the most complete version to date of Prometheova játra (the book proofs of 1970 and the book publication of 2000). The differences show that before the book publication Kolář made numerous changes in the original version, particularly omitting passages containing proper nouns and invective against the communist regime. The most important changes are given in the appendix.
EN
Josef Škvorecký completed the first version of the novel Konec nylonového věku [End of the Nylon Age] in 1950. In view of the historical circumstances at that time, publication of the book did not enter into consideration, but in 1957 Československý spisovatel publishers included the manuscript in their publication plan. After the censors intervened, however, the book again failed to come out and did not get to readers until 1967. This study and edition of the work primarily compares the book form of the novel with the oldest typewritten version, which is nowadays housed at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library in Toronto. To some extent the author also considers the 1957 version, from which, however, only a few textually unreliable fragments remain in the censor´s writings. Although when Škvorecký was preparing the book version in 1957 and 1967 he was unable to recall the social and political circumstances at the time, a comparison of both versions is particularly telling with regard to the author´s development. The experience that he acquired through working as an author, translator and editor was reflected in the final version. The plot and motif lines of the text remain more or less the same, while changes are evident primarily at thy stylistic and lexical levels which lead to greater emphasis on and precision in the personal perspective of the narrative. Changes in the names of the chief protagonists are primarily noticeable in view of the development which they then undergo through the author´s subsequent novels.
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Člověk a stroj v české kultuře 19. století

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Poetismus a kýč : úvodní diagnóza

61%
EN
Until the mid-1950s and the advent of pop-art, kitsch objects mostly gave rise to a sense of revulsion both among eminent artists and the experienced public. Kitsch was considered to be a secondary phenomenon in relation to "good" art, a poor imitation of art or at best art reduced to the level of banality. In spite of the famous statement made by Clement Greenberg that cultural phenomena like kitsch and the avant-garde were separated by an insuperable abyss, we can easily find distinctive traces of a fascination with "degraded art" in several poems and theoretical texts by leading poetists. Studies show that Czech anavt-garde poets were not just great lovers of film, circus, variety theatre and adventure books. In order to make their poetry into more accessible works which did not demand intellectual effort and which the readers would enjoy, they sometimes made use of expressive menas normally ascribed to popular kitsch. Close ties between poetist works and the basic principles involved in the creation of kitsch are illustrated in this study of examples from the poetry of Jaroslav Seifert, Vítězslav Nezval, Adolf Hoffmeister and Konstantin Biebl. Selected verses, or rather the poetic images found in them, were divided into three separate categories within Abraham Moles's typology of kitch, e.e. religious kitsch, patriotic kitsch and exotic-erotic kitsch.
CS
Až do poloviny padesátých let 20. století a do nástupu pop-artu budily předměty kýče jak mezi věhlasnými tvůrci, tak i v zkušeném publiku nejčastěji odpor. Kýč byl považován za jev druhotný vůči „dobrému“ umění, za mizernou imitaci umění a v nejlepším případě za umění redukované na úroveň banality. Navzdory známému tvrzení Clementa Greenberga, že takové kulturní jevy jako kýč a avantgarda dělí nepřekonatelná propast, můžeme ale výrazné stopy fascinace „degradovaným uměním“ bez námahy najít už v některých básních a teoretických textech čelních poetistů. Studie dokazují, že básníci české avantgardy byli nejen velkými milovníky filmu, cirkusu, bulvárních divadel a dobrodružných románů. Aby z poezie učinili přístupnější dílo, které nevyžaduje intelektuální námahu a dělá čtenáři dobře, sami někdy také sáhli po výrazových prostředcích přiřazovaných výhradně populárním předmětům kýče. Silné vztahy mezi poetistickými díly a základními principy tvorby kýče ilustrují ve studii příklady z básní Jaroslava Seiferta, Vítězslava Nezvala, Adolfa Hoffmeistera a Konstantina Biebla. Vybrané verše nebo spíše v nich nalezené poetické obrazy byly rozděleny do tří samostatných kategorií podle typologie kýče Abrahama Molesa. Jsou to: kýč náboženský, kýč patriotický a kýč exoticko-erotický.
EN
This article focuses on Den (Day), a daily, later a weekly, that was published in late 1920 and early 1921. Despite its short life, the periodical played an important role in the forming of the generation of writers who began their careers after the First World War and provided what are probably the most striking examples of socially engagé works by the young authors in the Umělecký klub (Art club), in particular the trio of Zdeněk Kalista (1900-1982), A. M. Píša (1902-1966), and Jiří Wolker (1900-1924). With an analysis of surviving records, the first part of the article discusses the establishment and development of the periodical, from the autumn of 1920 to January 1921, when it folded. The manifestos and the aesthetic profile of the periodical are considered in detail. Attention is also paid to the contemporaneous debates and conflicts amongst the young writers, which became more intense, particularly after the establishment of the Devětsil group, which broke off from the originally united Umělecký klub in October 1920. The second part of the article considers in detail the literary journalism of the individual contributors to Den, particularly Kalista, the editor-in-chief of the journal and the author of most of its editorials, and Píša, the author of its conceptually most striking essays on literary criticism. The article also considers the importance of other contributors - Josef Knap (1900-1973) and the literary critic, Jaromír Berák (1902-1964), reporting on Dadaism and cinema, and Jiří Weil (1900-1959), who was one of the first in Den to offer systematic discussion of the literature of Soviet Russia.
EN
b2_ At the trial he received a year in prison, which was lenient in comparison with the heavy sentences handed down at the time in the political trials. This verdict was undoubtedly influenced by Kolář's relatively penitent court testimony, the death of Stalin and Gottwald, the indulgence of the prosecutor and possibly other circumstances that have not yet been clarified.
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Adaptační studia dnes a zítra

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EN
This article briefly summarizes previous approaches associated with ideas on adaptation, it describes the contemporary situation in this field and it considers possible forthcoming trends. The author takes his reference point to be debates over his study Twelve Fallacies in Contemporary Adaptation Theory; Criticism XLV, No. 2, 2003, and the publication of Adaptation and Journal of Adaptation in Film and Performance. These are associated with a dominant new doctrine of adaptation studies, which adopts a critical stance towards representation options. The author proposes to enhance this negatively defined doctrine both with input from disciplines which are allied and those which are more remote, from intermedia studies to biology and politology, as well as with knowledge from screenwriters’ creative practice regarding how to produce adaptations.
CS
Článek ve zkratce shrnuje dosavadní postupy spojené s myšlením o adaptaci, popisuje současnou situaci této oblasti a zamýšlí se nad jejím dalším možným směřováním. Jako referenční bod autor využívá debaty nad svou studie „Dvanáct omylů v současné teorii adaptace“ („Twelve Fallacies in Contemporary Adaptation Theory“; Criticism XLV, č. 2, 2003) a vznik periodik Journal of Adaptation in Film and Performance a Adaptation. Ty jsou spojeny s novou převládající doktrínou studia adaptace, která se k možnostem reprezentace staví kriticky. Autor tuto negativně vymezenou doktrínu navrhuje obohatit jak o podněty spřízněných i vzdálenějších disciplín, od intermediálních studií po biologii a politologii, tak o znalosti produkce adaptací z tvůrčí praxe filmových scenáristů.
EN
2_Apart from Kundera and Barthes, I look at the work of Camille Flammarion, from the same point of view. His work concerns the line dividing life and death and also life and afterlife. The reason for choosing Flammarion was the duality of his position, as a celebrated scientist as his time, who also wrote 'academic' pieces about the afterlife. He wrote his quasi-scholarly works on a purely literary ground plan, even if he insisted that he was writing a report that had nothing to do with literature. This example demonstrates just how convincing literature can be when lacking a recognizable literary form. This may lead us to question whether literature (in its concealed illusory form) is the very principle of madness or vice versa.
EN
Based on an analysis of three novels: Melancholy of Resistance (Melancholie odporu) (1989) by Hungarian writer László Krasznahorkai (born 1954), Twelve Rings (Dvanáct obručí) (2003) by Ukrainian Yuri Andrukhovych (born 1960) and Gargling with Tar (Kloktat dehet) (2005) by Jáchym Topol (born 1962), this study endeavours to highlight the aesthetics that have emerged since the 1980s. These works have been selected with deliberate care because although they are separated by a certain distance in space and time, they are distinguished by poetics whose description disjointed fiction (romanesque déjanté) expresses the stampede of collective and individual history in a world turned upside down at the end of Communism. This narrative over a number of small apocalypses, fragmentarized to the very brink of incoherence, can be understood as the realism of a disrupted epoch and the transposition of intermedia (with the pithiness of its visual elements, particularly cinematographic) and multimedia (hypertext and online reading) aesthetics, just like a modern form of burlesque.
CS
Na základě analýzy tří románů, a sice Melancholie odporu (1989) maďarského spisovatele Lászlóa Krasznahorkaiho (narozeného v roce 1954), Dvanáct obručí (2003) Ukrajince Jurije Andruchovyče (narozeného v roce 1960) a Kloktat dehet (2005) Jáchyma Topola (narozeného v roce 1962), se studie pokouší analyzovat estetiku objevující se od osmdesátých let. Analyzovaná díla jsou vybrána s pečlivým uvážením, neboť, ačkoli je od sebe odděluje jistá vzdálenost časová i prostorová, jsou určována poetikou, jejíž pojmenování jako vykolejeného vyprávění (romanesque déjanté) vyjadřuje splašení kolektivních i individuálních dějin ve světě rozvraceném koncem komunismu. Tato vyprávění o řadě malých apokalyps a fragmentarizovaná až na samu hranici inkoherence můžeme chápat jako realismus rozvrácené doby, jako transpozici intermediální (pregnantnost vizuálních prvků, zvláště kinematografických) a multimediální (hypertext a čtení na síti) estetiky stejně jako současnou podobu grotesky.
EN
The essay considers three recently discovered works of medieval fiction with subject matter largely from antiquity (Gesta Romanorum, Asenech [Joseph and Aseneth], Kronika o Apolloniovi [Apollonius of Tyre], published in the early sixteenth century. They are, however, preserved only in fragments. The printer was Mikuláš Bakalář of Pilsen, who specialized in medieval literature that aimed to amuse.
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Sándor Márai jako československý autor?

41%
EN
The Hungarian writer Sándor Márai was a prominent figure in interwar Hungarian journalism and literature, and Hungarian writers working within the minority culture in interwar Czechoslovakia referred to him as a fellow countryman. By having a translation of his novel published in Czech he successfully penetrated into the margins of Czech literature, while his extensive review work also touches upon Czech authors (Olbracht and Čapek). Márai´s early poetics were formed at the intersection of Hungarian modernism and German expressionism. These two elements had a crucial influence on his subsequent artistic orientation, in which a prominent role was played by Márai´s relations with Prague German authors (Kafka, Werfel), whom he translated. Márai´s ambition to cease belonging to any local communities then led to the creation of work showing characteristics of deterritorization. The question of where Márai´s work belonged within the literature of interwar Czechoslovakia leads on to the question of how to actually define this literature.
EN
This submission deals with adaptation as an intertextual and communicational phenomenon. The introductory section of the study presents an outline of relations between adaptations, pre‑texts and communication subjects. Adaptation comes across as a transposition and representation of the pre‑text, or sometimes as its substitute or an independent creation. The analytical section of this study focuses on one of the specific types of adaptation, i.e. transpositions of a pre‑text that make use of its secondary characters, motifs and plotlines (described in working terms as peripheral adaptations). The analysis focuses on films made of two novels by Jan Otčenášek. Relations are shown between the novel Občan Brych (Citizen Brych — 1955) and its two adaptations, a film of the same name based on the novel as a whole (1958), and a film entitled Jarní povětří (Spring Breeze — 1961), which only selects some motifs from the novel and sets them in a new structure. An examination follows of the film Svatba bez prstýnku (Wedding without Rings — 1972), which is based on one of the many plotlines in the novel Kulhavý Orfeus (Limping Orpheus — 1964). The form of these adaptations turns out to have been substantially influenced by their cultural and political contexts; the films include ideological messages reflecting the times in which they appeared.
CS
Příspěvek pojednává o adaptaci jako intertextovém a komunikačním fenoménu. Úvodní část studie podává náčrt vztahů mezi adaptací, pretextem a subjekty komunikace. Adaptace vystupuje jako transpozice a reprezentace pretextu, někdy ale také jako jeho substituce či jako samostatná kreace. Analytická část studie se zaměřuje na jeden ze specifických typů adaptace, a to na takové transpozice pretextu, které využívají jeho vedlejší postavy, motivy a dějové linie (pracovně jsou označeny jako periferické adaptace). Předmětem analýzy jsou filmy natočené na základě dvou románů Jana Otčenáška. Jsou sledovány relace mezi románem Občan Brych (1955) a jeho dvěma adaptacemi, stejnojmenným filmem, který se opírá o román jako celek (1958), a filmem Jarní povětří (1961), jenž vybírá jen některé motivy románu a zasazuje je do nové struktury. Poté je probírán film Svatba bez prstýnku (1972), jehož východiskem je jedna z mnoha dějových linií románu Kulhavý Orfeus (1964). Ukazuje se, že podoba adaptací byla podstatně ovlivněna kulturními a politickými kontexty; filmy zahrnují ideologické poselství odpovídající době jejich vzniku.
EN
b2_4) The 1506 Venetian Bible and two Severin Bibles (1529 and 1537) had greated influence on the future development of book culture than the "Melantrichs", which as publication copies are only minor innovations, particularly based on the second Severin of 1537. 5) The typographical aspect of the Brethren editions is not original, but draws on Swiss influence. A strongly inspirational and vital role is played by the Kralice edition at the exegetic, translational and linguistic level, but not with regard to its typographic and graphic decorative contribution. In their time these levels did not influence Czech book culture and were only reflected and used for enlightenment purposes much later. 6) The question whether incunabula and pre-1620 bible editions influenced book culture in this country cannot be answered with a clear negative, but it can be answered with a considerable degree of scepticism. In comparison with ordinary book production, however, their geenrally superior graphic standard clearly facilitated the habit of quiet daily reading to a considerable extent.
CS
a2_4) Pro budoucí vývoj knižní kultury měla Bible benátská 1506 a dvě Severinovy bible 1529 a 1537 větší váhu než takzvané melantrišky, které jsou jen drobně inovovanými edičními kopiemi zejména druhého Severinova vydání 1537. 5) Typografická stránka bratrských edicí není původní, ale těží ze švýcarského vlivu. Životná a silně inspirační role kralických vydání spočívá v rovině exegetické, překladatelské a jazykové, nikoli však v přínosu písmařském a graficko dekoračním. Tyto roviny ve své době českou knižní kulturu neovlivnily a byly reflektovány a osvětově využity až mnohem později. 6) Na otázku, zda prvotiskové a předbělohorské edice biblí ovlivnily tuzemskou knižní kulturu, nelze odpovědět přímo negativně, ale spíše s notnou dávkou skepse. Ve srovnání s běžnou knižní produkcí však jejich povětšinou nadstandardní grafická úroveň k návyku tiché každodenní četby přispěla jistě významně.
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