Search results

1

Learning to Think Big: The Lithuanian Experience of the ISAF

100%

Maskaliūnaitė A.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2014

|

issue 2

43-60

EN

This article presents a brief overview the Lithuanian experience in the ISAF and describes the main lessons learned for the Lithuanian armed forces and civilian participants in the operation. As a part of the ISAF, Lithuania took it upon itself to lead one of the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) in Afghanistan, which proved to be the most challenging but also the most experience-developing activity of the young military establishment. Therefore, this paper will pay much attention to precisely this part of the mission.

2

The Use of the Lexical Exponents of Hypothetical Modality in Polish and Lithuanian

100%

Roszko D.

Cognitive Studies

|

2016

|

issue 16

EN

The Use of the Lexical Exponents of Hypothetical Modality in Polish and LithuanianIn this article the author focuses on the issue of hypothetical modality[1] in Polish and Lithuanian. A list of the basic exponents of hypothetical modality in both languages is presented. However, the focus is mainly placed on the lexical exponents. On the basis of one of the six groups, which describes a high degree of probability (H5), the differences between the use of the lexical exponents in both languages are examined. In the study, multilingual corpora resources, including The Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus Clarin-PL., are utilized.[1] [In the academic literature, for the notion described herein, the term of epistemic modality is also used. Nevertheless, in this paper I will continue to use the term of hypotheticality, which I borrowed from the studies on modality, conducted in Polish-Bulgarian cooperation (Slavic Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute for Bulgarian Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences).] O użyciu wykładników leksykalnych modalności hipotetycznej w językach polskim i litewskimW artykule autorka porusza zagadnienie modalności hipotetycznej[1] w językach polskim i litewskim. Przedstawia wykaz podstawowych wykładników modalności hipotetycznej w obu językach. Główną uwagę skupia jednak na wykładnikach leksykalnych. Na przykładzie jednej z sześciu grup, opisującej wysoki stopień prawdopodobieństwa (H5), omawia różnice użycia wykładników leksykalnych w obu językach. W badaniach wykorzystuje wielojęzyczne zasoby korpusowe, w tym Polsko-litewski korpus równoległy Clarin-PL.[1] [W literaturze przedmiotu na oznaczenie opisywanych tu treści stosowany jest również termin epistemiczności. Niemniej jednak w tej pracy autorka pozostaje przy terminie hipotetyczności, który zapożycza z badań nad modalnością, prowadzonych we współpracy polsko-bułgarskiej (Instytut Slawistyki PAN i Instytut Języka Bułgarskiego BAN).]

3

On the Origin of the Lithuaniantačiaũ‘But, However, Yet’

100%

Ostrowski N.

|

2011

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vol. 53

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issue 2

75-81

EN

The present study is intended as a further contribution to our knowledge of the origin of the Lithuanian connective tačiaũ ‘but, however, yet’. Of two existing so far etymologies we speak in explanation of Pranas Skardžius. In his opinion tačiaũ traces back to the combination of deictic pronoun tat ‘this, that’ and postpositioned particle jau, strictly speaking jau functioning as an ‘emphatic assertion of identity’. Typological data presented below support such a possibility.

4

Lithuanian on both sides of the Atlantic: Toward the “intended” standard

88%

Tamošiūnaitė A.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2013

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vol. 49

355-380

EN

This article investigates the interaction between the developing Standard Lithuanian and spoken dialects as reflected in lower class writing (correspondence written by emigrants and to emigrants). More specifically the article focuses on the choice and use of those phonological or morphological variables that are the most salient in the scribes' dialects, in order to establish and define those features that indexed "standard" for lower class writers in the first half of the twentieth century. The data consists of sixty-five letters (17,990 word tokens) written by twenty-four individuals between 1905 to 1939. Analysis revealed that lower class scribes did not write pure dialect, but rather shifted toward the "intended" standard. At least two writing strategies toward the "intended"standard - imitation and conscious adoption of "standard" spellings (generalization) - are outlined in the article. Graphic representation (non-vernacular spellings) of certain phonological features was first visually memorized in the high frequency words and later generalized (consciously modified) to all positions. The use of memorized spellings of certain words, as well as later conscious choices to use standard spellings rather than graphic representation of their local dialects indicate that less educated writers perceived written and spoken varieties as distinct.

5

Experimental Polish-Lithuanian Corpus with the Semantic Annotation Elements

88%

Roszko D., Roszko R.

Cognitive Studies

|

2013

|

issue 13

EN

Experimental Polish-Lithuanian Corpus with the Semantic Annotation ElementsIn the article the authors present the experimental Polish-Lithuanian corpus (ECorpPL-LT) formed for the idea of Polish-Lithuanian theoretical contrastive studies, a Polish-Lithuanian electronic dictionary, and as help for a sworn translator. The semantic annotation being brought into ECorpPL-LT is extremely useful in Polish-Lithuanian contrastive studies, and also proves helpful in translation work.

6

Znaczenie dwujęzycznych korpusów w polsko‑litewskich badaniach konfrontatywnych

88%

Roszko R.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

|

2012

|

vol. 36

EN

The meaning of bilingual corpora in the Polish-Lithuanian comparative studiesIn his article, the author compares and contrasts the results of his own research on the hypothetical modality in Polish and Lithuanian: a) carried out together with Danuta Roszko, using the traditional method (without use of bilingual corpora in the 90s); b) with use of parallel Polish-Lithuanian corpora resources. As for the contrast of the two methods, special attention has been drawn to the lexical exponents singled out. The use of the corpora resources resulted in the fact that the number of exponents of hipothetical modality singled out in the two languages has slightly risen. Moreover, the borders between the corresponding groups of exponents have become more distinct and obvious. There has been confirmed a possibility of using the corresponding groups of exponents to express the meanings of the adjacent groups. The conclusion has been drawn that this phenomenon is as obvious now as it was earlier expected (in studies without use of bilingual corpora). The separate analysis of corpora resources with the division into the material being a) mutual Polish-Lithuanian translations (i.e. from Polish into Lithuanian and vice versa) and b) translations into Polish and Lithuanian from third languages (here: from German, English or Russian) does not significantly influence the number and diversity of the lexical exponents applied in the two languages. This fact proves a high competence of the translators. The formal resemblance of some of the Polish and Lithuanian exponents does not have a significant influence on which form to choose in the target language. In the translations from Polish into Lithuanian, part of the lexical exponents are conveyed with morphological exponents (lack of such in Polish). The hypothetical modality understated in Polish is sometimes clarified in translations into Lithuanian with the help of morphological forms. In some translations from Lithuanian into Polish the total omission of meanings (also the hypothetical) can be noticed, which results from applying the Lithuanian modus relativus forms. In several cases where some Lithuanian-Polish divergences in translations from Lithuanian into Polish have been noticed, a preliminary comparison of a Lithuanian original material and its translation into Russian can suggest that despite the confirmed direction of translation (from Lithuanian into Polish), it can indeed be a translation from Russian into Polish. However, proving this hypothesis requires the establishing of a trilingual Polish-Lithuanian-Russian corpora for the selected material to allow systematic and consistent studies in this direction. The author gives statistical data for the Polish-Lithuanian lexical exponents of hypothetical modality to distinguish between the mutual translations (Polish-Lithuanian) and those of third languages.

7

Easy Way to Language Acquisition: Diminutives in Lithuanian Child Language

88%

Dabašinskienė I.

Ad verba liberorum

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2009

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vol. 1

|

issue 1

11-22

EN

Introduction In most languages diminutive formation is the first pattern of word formation to emerge. The main reason for this seems to be the pragmatic functions of endearment, empathy, and sympathy, which make diminutives particularly appropriate for child-centered communication. This is especially true for things belonging to the child's world, which the caretakers tend to refer to using diminutives. The frequency of diminutives in the input as well as in the output of children clearly depends on the pragmatic role of diminutives in the respective language. In addition, their greater degree of morphological productivity and transparency, as well as their phonological saliency, favors the use of diminutives (Savickienė & Dressler 2007). Research of the languages where an extensive use of diminutives was noted induced some scholars to advance the hypothesis to the effect that the use of diminutives simplifies the acquisition of nominal declension (Olmsted 1994; Savickienė 2001; Kempe et al. 2001).Aim of the study This paper explores the hypothesis that diminutives in child-directed speech provide multiple cues for language acquisition. Diminutives in Lithuanian present an interesting case not only in terms of pragmatics and semantics (a feature which is shared by Lithuanian as well as other languages), but also from a language-specific point of view.Materials and methods The following discussion is based on analysis of data from a longitudinal corpus of a Lithuanian girl. For the present study we have chosen to analyze the girl's speech covering the period from 1;7 to 2;6. The corpus consists of almost 35 hours of recordings. The choice of the period was influenced by the fact that the child's onset of morphological development can be dated approximately around the age of 1;7 and continues until the age of 2;6, which marks the phase of morphology proper (Savickienė 2003). The recorded speech was transcribed according to the requirements of CHILDES (MacWhinney 2000).Results and conclusions The study suggests that the early and frequent use of diminutives by the Lithuanian child is due to the fact that it not only decreases word-ending variance (restricting the number of paradigm patterns to 3 instead of 12 declension classes), regularize stress patterns, but also facilitates the acquisition of case inflections.

8

The methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loanwords in Lithuanian

75%

Kregždys R.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2014

|

issue 18

195-217

EN

The article examines the methodology and criteria of identification of Polish loan words in Lithuanian. Also etymology, peculiar developments, and trends in the infiltration of these borrowings are discussed. The following conclusions are proposed based on our analysis: 1) Polonisms in Lithuanian can be divided into three groups, based on the principles of (α) establishing the primary source of the variants of the Lithuanian word (through areal distribution), and (β) the words’ phonetic, morphological and semantic identity (correlated with the modulation of α). Also taken into account are peculiarities in the usage of the primary forms (not necessarily in the inherited layer) on the West Slavic ground, and their secondary variants in the East Slavic languages (based on the inquence of factors α and β). The resulting three groups are: I. mo n o g e n i c (i.e. homogenous, not represented in the vocabulary of the East Slavic languages (based on factor α)), II. i n d e t e r m i n a t e (due to the presence of variants of loanwords from Polish in East Slavic vocabulary (factor α) in dierent time periods), III. a l t e r n a t i v e (III.. forms belonging to the inherited layer, characteristic of Polish and one of the East Slavic languages (with regard to factor α); III.. doublet variants of foreign origin, derived from a dierent primary source; III.. Semipolonisms). 2) The kg digraph is one of the crucial characteristics that allows Polish loanwords in Lithuanian to be divided into the monogenic, indeterminate, and alternative. It is attested in the structure of Old Belorussian lexemes, and it re!ects the phonetic feature of the Belorussian explosive velar consonant г /g/ in loanwords and in words of the inherited layer, in combinations with other consonants: зг, дзг, and джг. 3) Spirantization of the West Slavic sonant *ȓ (> ř /ź/ or /ś/), when the temporal factor is taken into account (the process operated till the 17th c.), is a feature of paramount importance as it allows Lithuanian words to be identified and attributed to either Polish or Belorussian. 4) The phenomenon of vocalization of the Polish lateral sonant ł (the shi' to //), also known as vavation, is reflected in those loanwords in Lithuanian which belong to a later period, in dialectal forms, and also in Belorussian lexemes, and it regulates the division of borrowings into Polonisms and Belorussianisms. 5) When attributing loanwords based on dierences in vowels, it is their place in the system that should be considered, not their pronunciation. 6) The etymological status of the borrowing is determined by a match between the semantic value of the word in Lithuanian, and the original form in the West and/or East Slavic languages. 7) The fact that the Polish etymon is itself of East Slavic origin, has no influence on the establishing of the status of Polonism for a borrowing into Lithuanian (so-called secondary Polonisms).

9

Conceptualizing Events in Ukraine: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Online News Reports

75%

Šeškauskienė I., Ostanina-Olszewska J. O.-O.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2016

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vol. 11

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issue 2

247-270

EN

The paper sets out to examine the metaphoricity of mediatized political discourse, particularly, news reports dealing with the conflict between Ukraine and Russia in its initial stage, from November 2013 to February 2014, as reflected in Lithuanian and Polish online press. The methodology of research relies on the principles of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Metaphor Identification Procedure (see Steen et al. 2010) and metaphorical patterns (Stefanowitsch 2004). Metaphorical expressions were identified in contexts surrounding three main content words identified with the AntConc (Anthony 2014) programme in Lithuanian and Polish corpus: Kyiv, Ukraine and Maidan. The results suggest that in the mediatized political discourse, these place-names are usually conceptualized as an animal or, more frequently, as a person, experiencing difficulties, suffering, feeling lost, angry, also ready to fight and able to make decisions and act independently. Another image is that of a traveller to Europe, an almost mythical destination, which is reflected in metaphorical expressions and the newly emerging compound Euromaidan. Another, slightly less numerously represented, tendency is concerned with Kyiv, Ukraine and Maidan conceptualized as objects and institutions. They include containers for (hot) fluid, a chiming bell, a toy, garbage, theatre, school, etc. Most metaphors employed in the texts are evaluative. Culture-specific features in conceptualizing events in Ukraine are mostly connected with some deeply entrenched images, like furrows and rural life in Lithuanian, and positing Poland as Ukraine’s ally and friend in Polish.

10

Differences in the formalization of the semantic category of definiteness / indefiniteness

75%

Roszko D., Roszko R.

Cognitive Studies

|

2011

|

issue 11

EN

Differences in the formalization of the semantic category of definiteness / indefinitenessBasing on theoretical contrastive studies guidelines, the article defines the semantic category of definiteness/indefiniteness where two basic opposition meanings are being ascribed to. It also distinguishes crucial sub-meanings for this category. The category established like this constitutes a characteristic interlanguage typical of theoretical contrastive studies, which is here used as tertium comparationis for demonstrating the formal differences between Polish, Lithuanian and dialectal exponents to express particular sub/meanings. The differences demonstrated in the article are to confirm a different degree of the formalization of the category in each of the natural codes compared here. The idea of taking the local dialect of Puńsk into consideration results from a clearly visible influence of Polish and Lithuanian on the traditional dialectal system. In consequence, the dialectal system of exponents to express the meanings within the semantic category of definiteness/indefiniteness keeps a high degree of the traditional exponents specialization on one hand, but on the other hand, a low degree of specialization is being ascribed to some forms borrowed from Lithuanian (as a consequence of the Polish language influence), which results from the bilingualism of the Lithuanians living in Poland.

11

Lithuanians in the United States at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries

63%

Szlaużys P.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

|

2017

|

vol. Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2017, tom 15

EN

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the United States was one of the most popular destinations for emigrants from the Lithuanian territories in the Russian Empire. They emigrated because they had no economic, social, or political perspectives in their homeland, which was part of the Russian Empire and the German Reich until 1918, when Lithuania proclaimed to be independent. The Lithuanians living in the Russian Empire were subjected to persecution as they were forbidden to speak their mother tongue or learn about their native history or culture. Moreover, they could not afford to buy land and were left landless and jobless mainly because of the unfavorable Russian policy to russify and economically exploit the areas controlled by the Tsar. In the pre-World War I period, the United States was a favourable country for Lithuanian emigrants because they could enjoy economic, social, and political freedom in that country. They could earn enough money to support their families left behind in their homeland, which often followed their relatives or friends living in the new land. It was much easier for them to find a job in the United States, where the Industrial Revolution created a massive demand for new workers. Lithuanian Americans lived next to other ethnic communities, which could unrestrictedly speak their native language, profess their own religion, learn about their history, establish their own political organisations, as well as issue their own newspapers or books. Such freedom encouraged American Lithuanians to integrate within their own community and to take advantage of opportunities they had never had in their homeland. As the United States was such an attractive place for the newcomers, the number of Lithuanians leaving the Russian Empire increased sharply. This was possible mainly because new railway lines were built in the Russian Empire, including the Lithuanian areas. Such routes led to ports in Germany, from where the emigrants sailed to the United States. Before World War I, hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian emigrants arrived in the United States to start their new lives. It must be said that Lithuanian Americans were successful as an ethnic community in the United States. They were strongly integrated. They cultivated their cultural values and sent money to their families in the United States and their relatives living in the Russian Empire. Lithuanian Americans established their own political organisations, which lobbied the US government as well as other political and economic organisations to support an independent Lithuania, contributed to the establishment of a Lithuanian mission in Washington D.C. and recognition of Lithuania by the US government as an independent state on 28 July 1922. The economic and social perspectives in the United Stated encouraged most Lithuanian emigrants to stay in the United States permanently, even when Lithuania became independent in 1918, and its inhabitants were no longer persecuted because of their ethnic origin.

PL

Na przełomie XIX i XX stulecia Stany Zjednoczone były jednym z najbardziej popularnych kierunków emigracyjnych dla ludności z terytoriów litewskich w Imperium Rosyjskim. Emigracja z tych terenów była popularna w tamtym czasie, ponieważ osoby emigrujące nie miały perspektyw gospodarczych, społecznych ani politycznych na swojej ziemi ojczystej, kontrolowanej przez Imperium Rosyjskie i Rzeszę Niemiecką do 1918 r., kiedy Litwa ogłosiła niepodległość. Litwini żyjący w Imperium Rosyjskim byli poddawani prześladowaniom, ponieważ zabraniano im porozumiewania się w języku ojczystym, uczenia się ojczystej historii lub kultury, oraz nie było ich stać na zakup ziemi i wielu z nich skazanych było na bezrobocie, głównie ze względu na niekorzystną politykę rosyjską polegającą na rusyfikacji i czerpaniu korzyści gospodarczych na terenach kontrolowanych przez cara. Przed I wojną światową, Stany Zjednoczone były bardzo popularnym krajem dla emigrantów litewskich, ponieważ w tym kraju mogli korzystać z wolności gospodarczej, społecznej i politycznej. Mogli zarobić wystarczająco pieniędzy dla swoich rodzin pozostawionych w ojczyźnie, którzy często podążali za ich krewnymi lub przyjaciółmi żyjącymi w nowym i dalekim kraju. Łatwiej było im znaleźć pracę w Stanach Zjednoczonych, gdzie rewolucja przemysłowa stworzyła ogromny popyt na nowych pracowników. Litwini amerykańscy mieszkali obok innych wspólnot etnicznych, które mogły bez ograniczeń porozumiewać się we własnym języku, wyznawać własną religię, poznawać własną historię, tworzyć własne organizacje polityczne, a także wydawać własne gazety lub książki. Taki rodzaj wolności zachęcał Litwinów amerykańskich do integracji we własnej społeczności i korzystania z możliwości niespotkanych w ich ojczyźnie. W związku z tym, że Stany Zjednoczone były tak atrakcyjnym krajem dla nowo przybyłych emigrantów, liczba Litwinów opuszczających rosyjskie imperium gwałtownie rosła. Było to możliwe głównie dlatego, że powstały nowe linie kolejowe w Imperium Rosyjskim, w tym na terenach litewskich, które prowadziły do portów w Niemczech, skąd emigranci płynęli do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Do wybuchu I wojny światowej setki tysięcy litewskich emigrantów przybyło do Stanów Zjednoczonych, aby rozpocząć nowe życie. Można stwierdzić, że Litwini amerykańscy odnieśli sukces jako społeczność etniczna w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Byli silnie zintegrowani. Pielęgnowali ojczystą kulturę i przekazywali zarobione pieniądze dla swoich rodzin w Stanach Zjednoczonych i krewnych żyjących w Imperium Rosyjskim. Litwini amerykańscy założyli również własne organizacje polityczne, które lobbowały rząd USA oraz inne organizacje polityczne i gospodarcze w celu wsparcia niezależnej Litwy, co w późniejszym okresie przyczyniło się do ustanowienia litewskiego przedstawicielstwa w Waszyngtonie i w końcu uznania Litwy przez rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych, jako niezależnego państwa 28 lipca 1922 r. Perspektywy ekonomiczne i społeczne w Zjednoczonym Stanowisku sprawiły, że większość emigrantów litewskich zdecydowały się na stały pobyt w Stanach Zjednoczonych, nawet gdy Litwa stała się niezależna w 1918 r., a jej mieszkańcy nie byli już prześladowani z powodu ich etnicznego pochodzenia.

12

Etymological Metamorphosis of the Idiom Vyskochyty yak Pylyp z konopel’: Anthroponym vs. Appellative

63%

Danylenko L., Даниленко Л.

Slavia Orientalis

|

2022

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vol. LXXI

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issue 2

13

Znaczenie dwujęzycznych korpusów w polsko‑litewskich badaniach konfrontatywnych

51%

Roszko R.

Acta Baltico-Slavica

|

2012

|

vol. 36

67-79

EN

In his article, the author compares and contrasts the results of his own research on the hypothetical modality in Polish and Lithuanian: a) carried out together with Danuta Roszko, using the traditional method (without use of bilingual corpora in the 90s); b) with use of parallel Polish-Lithuanian corpora resources. As for the contrast of the two methods, special attention has been drawn to the lexical exponents singled out. The use of the corpora resources resulted in the fact that the number of exponents of hipothetical modality singled out in the two languages has slightly risen. Moreover, the borders between the corresponding groups of exponents have become more distinct and obvious. There has been confirmed a possibility of using the corresponding groups of exponents to express the meanings of the adjacent groups. The conclusion has been drawn that this phenomenon is as obvious now as it was earlier expected (in studies without use of bilingual corpora). The separate analysis of corpora resources with the division into the material being a) mutual Polish-Lithuanian translations (i.e. from Polish into Lithuanian and vice versa) and b) translations into Polish and Lithuanian from third languages (here: from German, English or Russian) does not significantly influence the number and diversity of the lexical exponents applied in the two languages. This fact proves a high competence of the translators. The formal resemblance of some of the Polish and Lithuanian exponents does not have a significant influence on which form to choose in the target language. In the translations from Polish into Lithuanian, part of the lexical exponents are conveyed with morphological exponents (lack of such in Polish). The hypothetical modality understated in Polish is sometimes clarified in translations into Lithuanian with the help of morphological forms. In some translations from Lithuanian into Polish the total omission of meanings (also the hypothetical) can be noticed, which results from applying the Lithuanian modus relativus forms. In several cases where some Lithuanian-Polish divergences in translations from Lithuanian into Polish have been noticed, a preliminary comparison of a Lithuanian original material and its translation into Russian can suggest that despite the confirmed direction of translation (from Lithuanian into Polish), it can indeed be a translation from Russian into Polish. However, proving this hypothesis requires the establishing of a trilingual Polish-Lithuanian-Russian corpora for the selected material to allow systematic and consistent studies in this direction. The author gives statistical data for the Polish-Lithuanian lexical exponents of hypothetical modality to distinguish between the mutual translations (Polish‑Lithuanian) and those of third languages.

RU

В статье автор сопоставляет результаты двух научных исследований по гипотетической модальности – в польском и литовском языках: (а) традиционных исследований и (б) современных, в которых используются цифровые ресурсы (здесь экспериментальный польско-литовский параллельный корпус). Описание гипотетической категории модальности основывается на методе теоретического сопоставления естественных языков с использованием так называемого языка-посредника (tertium comparationis). Выделяется 6 степеней вероятности (здесь возможности) и соответственно – 6 параллельных групп средств выражения гипотетичности в обоих языках. Использование параллельного корпуса в исследовании гипотетичности приводит к новым фактам. Количество показателей гипотетичной модальности оказывается неcкoлько выше, чем это было установлено в ходе традиционного исследования (вручную). Следующее, цифровые ресурсы подтверждают предложение об использовании показателей данной группы вероятности/возможности для выражения значений соседних групп, хотя во время проведения традиционных исследований ожидалось бóльшее число использования средств одной группы для выражения соседних степеней вероятности. Проведенный oтдельно анализ ресурсов корпуса, материал которых выбран по исходному языку оригинала: (корпус А) литовского языка, (корпус Б) польского языка, (корпус В) другого языка (напр. английского, португальского, немецкого, русского) показал, что только в одном случае установленных польско-литовских эквивалентных групп показателей гипотетичности заметно меньшее количество и разновидность тех же групп. Речь идет о корпусе А, в котором исходным для перевода является литовский язык. Установлено также, что в переводе с литовского на польский язык литовские формы модус релятивус (modus relativus) обычно не переводятся. В таких случаях польский перевод теряет исконную модальную характеристику, разве что в оригинале формам modus relativus сопутствуют другие лексические или синтаксические показатели модальности. В некотoрых случаях отсутствие семантического соответствия между литовским оригиналом и польским текстом допускает предпосылку непoсредственного перевода c русского (a не литовского) на польский язык. Чтобы это доказать, нужен трехъязычный литовско‑польско‑русский корпус (ограниченный избранными исконно литовскими произведениями и их переводaми на польский и русский языки). В статье корпусные данные сопоставляются с литовско-польским словарем. Оказывается, что предлагаемые автором словаря литовско-польские соответствия лишь в небольшой степени подтверждаются цифровыми ресурсами польско-литовского корпуса.

14

Adam Chmara ostatni wojewoda miński i Stanisław August. O podstawach, trwałości i rozpadzie sojuszów oraz przyjaźni politycznych w czasach stanisławowskich

51%

Rolnik D.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

|

2022

|

issue 4(35)

82-112

EN

The question of the success of state repairs depends on the support of the citizens, and it was no different in the Commonwealth during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski (1764–1795). To carry the repairs out, an appropriate political base was imperative. Stanisław August rationally devised the repairs but sometimes succumbed to external pressure, leading to conflicts. In this way, the paths of A. Chmara and the king diverged, but their relationships did not break up. They resulted from their common “ideology” of repairing the state.

15

[Recenzja]: Zdzisław Gębołyś, Bibliografia druków w języku polskim wydanych na Litwie od 1944 do 2014 roku, Sosnowiec-Wilno 2015, Wydawca: Stowarzyszenie Naukowców Polaków Litwy, ISBN 978-83-65259-00-4

51%

Warząchowska B.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

|

2016

|

vol. 106

435-438

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[Recenzja]: Zdzisław Gębołyś, Bibliografia druków w języku polskim wydanych na Litwie od 1944 do 2014 roku, Sosnowiec-Wilno 2015, Wydawca: Stowarzyszenie Naukowców Polaków Litwy, ISBN 978-83-65259-00-4