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Rusko a maltská otázka v letech 1800–1804

100%
Jaskova K.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
|
2008
|
vol. 94
|
issue 4
505-522
EN
In the troubled atmosphere of the early 19th century, which was characterised as the period of Napoleonic wars, Malta became a region, where interests of European powers clashed. It posed as a gate to the Mediterranean Sea and consequently a chance to gain control over Egypt. Great Britain made her claim to Egypt and France desired to re-capture it. The situation became more complicated when, at the end of 1798, the Russian tsar Pavel I. got himself proclaimed grand-master of the Knights of Malta. At that time, the island grew into an intersection of the three greatest European powers' interests. Through analysing contemporary materials, the essay follows diplomatic negotiations between the mentioned countries and indicates to what extent the Maltese issue shaped relations between the powers in 1800-1804. The situation started to escalate and headed for a new war at an uncontrollable pace. In addition, Napoleon deliberately exaggerated the disputability of the Maltese issue and fuelled the disputes in order to bring the tsar to his side and subsequently use Malta as a pretext for unleashing another conflict against Great Britain. In spite of these efforts, Russia deepened its orientation to Great Britain. Bonaparte's unwillingness to compromise some of his European territorial ambitions contributed to this progress. Whether the efforts on all sides were real or just pretended, the indeterminate situation finally made the tsar enter a counter-French coalition in 1804 and, after a brief detente, a new war broke out again.
2

Borchiana versus Siciliana. Grafa Borha Sicilijas celojums un ta reminiscences literatura un maksla

51%
Taimina A.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
|
2013
|
vol. 16
5-17
EN
Michal Jan Borch (full name Michal Jan Alois Anton Borch, 1753-1810), christened in Varaklani on 1 July 1753, was a natural scientist and writer whose name is recognized in Europe and inscribed in the history of science. To understand Borch’s personality, it is important to consider his wide scope of interests and education-based competence. He was well versed in classical literature, poetry and history, had studied the basics of botany, physics, mathematics, architecture and land surveying as well as drawing, music and several languages. Borch wrote his works in French in which he was fluent and even Voltaire is said to have praised the young Borch’s mastery of French. His correspondence is also mainly in French, including letters to his father and mother. On an everyday level, the Count communicated and wrote in Polish and German; he also learned English and Italian, and wrote verse in French, Italian and Latvian. Borch had a scholarly interest in natural resources and the population of other countries, very typical of Enlightenment-era nobility and intellectuals. This enthusiasm was fully developed during his research travels. In his early twenties, he toured Germany, France, Switzerland and Italy from 1774 to 1778, and then set out for Holland and England in 1790. He was captivated most by two Mediterranean islands Sicily and Malta, describing them with much fervour. Months spent in Sicily (23 September 1776 - 25 April 1777) provided diverse research material for seven books printed in Italy, which describe the nature of Sicily, Malta and Italy - stones, ancient monuments and people combined with historical, natural and anthropological aspects.
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