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Unknown Description of the Border between Mazovia and the Teutonic Order. Part II: the Military District of Balgij (the Court Districts of Pisz and Elk)

100%
Dlugokecki W., Kowalczyk E.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
|
2004
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vol. 111
|
issue 1
5-37
EN
The second part of the article deals with heretofore unknown descriptions of the southern border of the court district of Pisz, part of the military district of Balgij (temporarily Rynsk), which started on the river Boleszówka, a tributary of the Turosl (Rudna) and then ran eastward along the Kolno Upland. This fragment of the frontier between Mazovia and the Teutonic Order, all the way to the headspring of the Biebrza, was also established in the course of negotiations conducted in Bratian in 1343, and followed the northern edge of the Upland. Meanwhile, in the descriptions under examination we encounter a boundary delineated across the centre of the Upland, from the mouth of the Korczowoda (Labna) to the Pisa, crossing the Losiowa Biel marshes and then along the Skroda, the Chojna and the Wissa, up to the mouth of the Biebrza, which corresponded approximately to the territorial claims made by the Order during the 1330s and 1340s. Some of the examined descriptions remain undated. The first, most probably written by Jan von Sayn, the military commander of Balgij, originates from 1405-1407, and in May 1412 found itself among documents whose purpose was to assist an Order mission setting off for negotiations with the Polish side in Buda. This is the second most important description (after the one contained in a letter by the military commander of Ostróda, 15 February 1413), since it depicts the mechanism of the efforts of the Teutonic Knights aimed at a legal appropriation of a considerable part of the Mazovian territory. The preparation of the document was probably based on three consecutive descriptions, made at the end of the fourteenth century, which are discussed in detail. By publishing unknown descriptions of the boundaries made for the purpose of a Polish-Teutonic Order trial conducted after the battle of Grunwald (or prepared earlier and only used at the court proceedings) the authors wished to supplement heretofore knowledge about the border disputes between Mazovia and the Teutonic Order from the last quarter of the 14th century to the second decade of the 15th century, which up to now have been known only from outdated, frequently 19th century ascertainments made by German and Polish researchers.
2
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Rajgród 1360. A Contribution to the History of the Mazovian-Teutonic Order Frontier

100%
Kowalczyk-Heyman E.
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2006
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vol. 113
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issue 3
5-18
EN
The formation of the Mazovian-Teutonic Order boundary has not been sufficiently examined up to now. This is the prime reason why Polish and German writings feature numerous contradictory findings or erroneous simplifications, including those concerning the circumstances and course of the Rajgród–related conflict between Mazovia (Poland) and the Teutonic Knights (summer 1360), described in a copious protocol–account and a brief description found in the chronicle of Wigand. The presented article discusses the events preceding the conflict and its course. The roots of the event go back to the second half of the thirteenth century when Mazovia, Ruthenia and the state of the Teutonic Order embarked upon a conquest of Sudovia and the subsequent division of its lands. Both sources include information which demands further research. The authoress has recently identified two Mazovian knights - Dobrogost of 'Cannink' (Kanigowo) of the Lubicz coat of arms, and Bronisz of 'Sulostase' (Sulostowo) of the Grabie coat of arms, who appeared during the first stage of the conflict. On the other hand, it proved impossible to identify a knight's servant named Nykus Nassund. Further investigations are required in the case of the starosta (capitanens) of Wizna and a verification of the proposed localisation and identification of the Teutonic Order fortress of 'Grebyn' whose construction was completed after the devastation of Rajgród; the same holds true for the determination of the fortification work conducted in Rajgród by the Mazovians. In the case of both fortifications, this task is rendered additionally difficult by the fact that heretofore archaeological research has not provided any auxiliary ascertainments.
3
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FROM THE STUDIES ON RUSSIAN COLONIZATION IN MAZOVIA IN XIX AND THE BEGINING OF THE XX CENTURY (Z badan nad kolonizacja rosyjska we wsi mazowieckiej XIX i poczatku XX wieku)

88%
Wozniak A.
Etnografia Polska
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2010
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vol. 54
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issue 1-2
171-192
EN
Ethnic and religious structure in Polish Kingdom was largely shaped by the situation before Poland was partitioned. In the first decades of XIX century Orthodox population was not numerous. It consisted of Greek and Moldavian traders as well as Russian Old Believers, who settled in northeastern Poland in the XVIII century. After Polish November Insurrection collapsed the autonomy of Polish Kingdom was liquidated and essential changes were introduced, for example Orthodox Church became a predominant religion. Russian garrisons were placed in newly built citadels, e.g. in Modlin. Around Modlin (which was renamed as Novogeorgievsk) several villages where settled with Russian immigrants. Some of the settlers were brought directly from Russia, while others recruited from retired Russian soldiers and Old Believers. The immigrants received the farming lands, houses built in 'genuine, Russian style' and farming equipment and tools. After January Insurrection, forced Russification was introduced and new Russian colonies around Modlin appeared. Russian colonization has been introduced to other parts of Mazovia as well, but the principles were different - the settlers were mainly Old Believers, who were Orthodox Church subordinates. Even though, there were Russian settlements in many parts of Mazovia by the end of XIX century, Russian colonization was a small-scale activity. Even Russian authors agreed that Russian colonization in Poland was a failure. In 1832-1914 there were only a dozen or so thousand immigrants, and in Mazovia this number was much smaller. Russian settlers quickly assimilated to Polish language, culture and the ways of farming; the only distinguishing elements were their native tongue and Orthodox religion. Russian colonization in Mazovia absorbed a lot of financial resources and didn't give back any significant results - nowadays there is only one small Orthodox Parish in Slanislavov (around Modlin).
4

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN REGULATIONS ON WILD MUSHROOM COMMERCE AND ACTUAL TRENDS IN WILD MUSHROOM PICKING

75%
Kotowski M.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2016
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vol. 64
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issue 2
169 – 178
EN
Currently more and more European countries are introducing lists of mushroom species allowed for commercial use. However these lists are far from the actual composition of mushroom species collected by local communities. Field research conducted in five villages located in central Mazovia, Poland presents a record of thirty five different taxa collected among local communities of which 12 weren’t registered as allowed for commerce in Poland. This article aims to discuss the reasons that stand behind these differences in relation to the actual useful potential of European mycobiota.
5

Obecność Żydów w Warszawie w XVI-XVIII wieku

75%
Fijałkowski P.
Kwartalnik Historii Żydow
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2012
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issue 1(241)
5-17
EN
Since 1527, Warsaw enjoyed a privilege forbidding Jews from settling in the town and the suburbs. They were only allowed to be in Warsaw during Sejm meetings and when taking their petitions to the royal court. From the turn of the 17th century more and more Jews were settling in private estates surrounding Warsaw, and later in the town itself. Around the mid-18th century they formed self-government structures, which constituted a germ of the future community. Officially the authorities did not recognize the existence of the community, but in practice they willingly communicated with the Jewish community via the structures established by it. In Praga, the Warsaw district on the right bank of the Vistula, the existence of the Jewish community was only recognized by the authorities in 1775, while on the left bank this did not happen until after 1795. For those confessing tej Judaic faith the most important thing was that from the middle of the 18th century they could satisfy their religious needs thant to gradual formation of self-government structures, whose powers encompassed the most important areas of life.
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