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1

Some Remarks on the Topography of Medieval Wawel

100%
Firlet J., Pianowski Z.
Acta Archaeologica Waweliana
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2006
|
issue 3
43-58
EN
The archaeological and architectural investigations conducted on Wawel Hill since the 1880s have demonstrated that in the early Middle Ages the Cracow borough was a state and church centre comparable to those elsewhere in Europe. The unusual accumulation of monumental structures: two basilicas, four rotundas, some other churches, and palace buildings, as well as dwelling houses, has no analogy in other parts of Poland. However, the defensive system of the Hill was traditional, consisting of timber-and-earth ramparts of chest construction, which were considerably damaged by levelling in the Gothic period. Numerous rebuilding campaigns and the repeated levelling of the ground have in large measure obliterated traces of wooden structures. The communications system may be reconstructed chiefly on the basis of the distribution of masonry buildings. Especially noteworthy is the concentration of State functions and institutions (the ruler's residence, the treasury and mint, and great noblemen's mansions) and of those of the Church (a bishopric, cathedral chapter, collegiate church, and cathedral school) within the Wawel borough. Further excavations are expected to fill in the gaps in our knowledge of the buildings, urban layout, and fortifications of early medieval Wawel.
2

Recent Results of Archaeological Excavation on the Southern Edge of Wawel Hill in Cracow (the Area of the Sandomierska Tower)

100%
Kuklinski A.
Acta Archaeologica Waweliana
|
2006
|
issue 3
59-84
EN
The author describes the results of the archaeological excavations on the southern edge of Wawel Hill in Cracow (the area of the Sandomierska Tower). The excavations began in 1913, were resumed as late as 1953-1954 and 1959, to be continued in 1964, 1971- 1986 and 2003-2004. In 1913 two, most likely stone-and-brick, pillars were excavated as well as fragments of the so-called burgrave's house. During the next diggings remains of the early medieval earthwork were identified and also an Early Gothic rampart along with traces of a settlement at the foot of the fortification and early medieval masonry structures (including a Romanesque rotunda dating from the second half of the 11th century). The investigations carried out between 2003 and 2004 in the cellar of the Sandomierska Tower (and in the cellars of the southern part of the former Austrian hospital building) permitted the verification of the earlier findings. In the northern and southern corners of the Tower's cellar relics of the early medieval fortifications of timbered earth were found, including ramparts of earth and limestone rubble, charred beams of the sides of chest construction, negative features of pillars of the palisade, and two rows of stakes preserved in the form of negative features. Also there were found some groups of pottery pieces, including 29 rims of vessels - 20 of them being plain (without moulding), and 9 barely developed.
3

Plant Remains from the Early Medieval Layers Excavated in Area IX on Wawel Hill, Kraków, South Poland

80%
Wasylikowa K., Tomczynska Z., Nalepka D.
Acta Archaeologica Waweliana
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2006
|
issue 3
135-143
EN
The authors' aim was to study the plant remains from the Early Medieval layers excavated in area IX on Wawel Hill. Three soil samples were obtained for archaeobotanical examination. Two of them were used for macrofossil analysis, one for pollen analysis. Seeds and fruits of 4 cultivated and at least 20 wild plants were found; charcoals belonged to 10 trees and shrub taxa. The occurrence of charred and uncharred seeds/fruits pointed to the heterogenic origin of plant remains. The charred remains belonged to cultivated species (cereals and flax) and to four taxa of grasses, which are weeds in cereal fields. The uncharred remains represented mainly plants growing on the hill as garden weeds or ruderal plants, a few of them probably originating from various plant communities that spread in the Vistula valley. The sample used to pollen analysis was taken from the brownish layer which occurred under the loamy material of the rampart. The dominance of grass and cereal pollen in the spectrum, as well as the presence of epidermal cells typical of grasses, suggested that this layer was built of the accumulation of cereal straw or/and reed culms. The present results were compared with the much more extensive former studies of the early medieval layers from Wawel Hill carried out in area X. The recently found plants belong to the same ecological groups that were described earlier, only plants of dry swards and poor pastures were not found. The pollen spectrum differed from the analysis performed by W. Koperowa (in K. Wasylikowa 1991) in the absence of Salix pollen, which was very abundant in the previously examined material. This difference could probably be explained by the transportation of pollen with twigs which had been brought to area X for an unknown purpose. In connection with the new discoveries of sorghum from the Middle Ages in northern Italy (E. Castiglioni 1998) and southern France (B. Prodat, M.-P. Ruas 1998), it has been reminded that spikelets of Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor were found in the early medieval layers (IXth-XIth centuries A.D.) from area X on Wawel Hill (W. Gizbert, A. Zaki 1954). The most likely explanation for the occurrence of this sorghum in Kraków was that it had been imported from the south.
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