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1

PAMIATKY V REGIÓNE, REGIÓN V PAMIATKACH (NA PRÍKLADE VYUŽITIA MLYNOV V KULTÚRNOM TURIZME)

100%
Mlynka L.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2005
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vol. 12
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issue 2
90-99
EN
The article is about content and intention of international documents related to cultural tourism (Bruxelles, Mexico) and national legislative. It points at possible chances of using cultural-geographical marks of water mills in Europe and in Slovakia, together with historical, economical, ethnical and social relations of expansion of mills. It introduces a basic mill typology (animal powered, wind, water: classical, pile water, floating), visual and audial signification of mills as well as explains some faults in the mill presentation in open-air museums and as technical monuments 'in situ'. It also introduces some positive examples of private initiatives in Slovakia (Kolárovo, Vráble) and in other countries (Slovenia, Poland).
2

MILLS IN THE ROYAL DEMESNE OF MALBORK ON THE BASIS OF INVENTORIES FROM 1755 AND 1765 (Mlyny w Ekonomii Malborskiej wedlug inwentarzy z lat 1755 i 1765)

80%
Kizik E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 3-4
397-404
EN
A relatively precise reconstruction of the system of mills in the area of Malbork can be attempted on the basis of the inventories of the royal demesne of Malbork. The publication of the Malbork demesne records has unfortunately stopped at volume five, which contains the inventory from 1711. Historians are familiar with the unpublished inventories from 1730, 1736 (Central Archives of Historical Records) and 1745 (the State Archive in Gdansk). The available source basis has recently been extended due to the discovery of two previously unknown documents. A particularly valuable one is an inventory of the Malbork demesne mills, written in 1765 in German. It is probably an official translation of an unknown Polish original, which was drawn up in connection with the last inventory of the royal demesne of Malbork before the partitions of Poland, made in 1764/1765. The article explores the significance of the inventories for research on the condition of mills in the period before the partitions. It is also pointed out that the preserved documents of very similar content, a Polish one from 1755 and a German one from 1765, provide researchers with a rare opportunity to compare technical terms used in the two languages in a situation of their mutual influence.
3
Content available remote

Mlýny tereziánského katastru a jejich zaniklé názvy

80%
Jiskra Z.
Acta onomastica
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2007
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vol. 48
72-78
EN
The article provides an analysis of extinct names of mills in a part of West Bohemia, whose localisation had not been known before. The author tries to determine their localisation and follow the development of their names. It is concluded that the names of mills did not usually exist much longer than the mills, many of which became extinct during the 19th century, themselves.
4
Content available remote

Dochody z młynów w gospodarce komunalnej Gdańska i Elbląga od drugiej połowy XV do XVIII w.

80%
Kubicki R.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2010
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vol. 70
175-201
EN
Reflections concerning the structure of revenues in the great towns of Royal Prussia from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century should take into account also the economic significance of the municipal mills. In this case, the breakthrough moment was the end of the rule of the Teutonic Order. At the time, Elbląg and Gdańsk received from King Kazimierz the Jagiellon numerous privileges, including land estates and control over all the mills located in the towns and on the land belonging to them, in return for financial and military support during the Thirteen Years’ War. The foundation of the profits obtained from the mills was the milling obligation and the right enjoyed by the owner to gain a compulsory tribute (Metze) amounting to 1/16 of a korzec (Scheffel). Moreover, additional payments were received in the case of milling with the assistance of apprentices working in a given mill. In such instances grinding two korzec of grain and rough-grinding six korzec of malt costs 1 fenig. During the later period the payment changed. Initially, bookkeeping was modelled on the experiences of the Teutonic Knights who administered the mills in Gdańsk and Elbląg to 1454. Departure from simple entry bookkeeping for the sake of double entry (Italian) bookkeeping probably took place already in the sixteenth centaury. In Elbląg, the mills were managed by a special mill office (Mühlamt) established for this purpose, while in Gdańsk this office was entrusted to a mill master (Mühlenmeister). Alongside independent administration the municipal authorities often decided to lease the mills, especially industrial mills and sawmills. In the case of Gdańsk a special role was played by the Great Mill, which held an important position in the ordinary profits (an average of about 20%). Just as in Elbląg, revenues from the town mills comprised a prominent element of the budget and during the best years totalled more than 10%. Signifi cantly, these enterprises were always profitable and generated revenues regularly transferred to the inner Kämmerei in Elbląg and the Kämmerei in Gdańsk. In this manner, the towns were not only ensured control over an important element of urban social and economic policy, namely, grain milling, but also achieved significant incomes. A particularly relevant feature was the fact that this procedure was accompanied by a high profit index of the whole undertaking, since expenses connected with the maintenance of the mills guaranteed considerable gains.
5

MILLS AS MONUMENTS IN POLAND - PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SITU AND IN OPEN-AIR MUSEUMS

70%
Mosakowski Z., Brykała D., Prarat M., Jagiełło D., Podgórski Z., Lamparski P.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
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2020
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vol. 8
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issue 3
41 – 62
EN
The paper presents the results of research on the history of protection of mills as objects of cultural heritage on Polish lands. First, the spatial distribution of over 20 thousand of mills at the beginning of the previous century is characterised, then the main actions undertaken for their protection in the 19th and 20th centuries are discussed. Merely 3.4% of mills that worked in the past are now protected as monuments and recorded in the national register. Most of them remain in their original locations (in situ), and another 71 windmills and 22 watermills have been relocated to open-air museums. These specific institutions face a particularly important task involving the necessity to retain the original functionality of mills.
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