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Witraż – mit światła i koloru

100%
Włodarczyk A.
DYSKURS: Pismo Naukowo-Artystyczne ASP we Wrocławiu
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2019
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vol. 27(27)
254-265
PL
Stained-Glass – a Myth of Light and Color The art of stained-glass works has been related to the concept of sacrum for centuries. The genesis of this myth reaches the medieval era, when stained-glass had been one of the primary artistic techniques. The symbol- ism of light and color which has been known since the primeval times, an expression of God’s glo-ry, has perfectly inscribed itself in the program of ideological gothic cathedrals. For hundreds of years stained-glass has dominated church architecture, at the same time solidified the common conviction of its religious purpose. Only after cultural and social changes at the end of 19th century has traditional approach towards stained-glass been broken. It then entered widespread public and everyday space. In the next era, in 20th century, it became an expression of many independent artists. Due to their creative work, mythology of sacral stained-glass has expanded onto new areas. In modern times, stained-glass is a full-fledged art genre, free and in-depend- ent, but still dealing with deeply rooted conviction of the religious charac- ter of the glass masterpiec-es.
2
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Rola służb specjalnych w konflikcie turecko-kurdyjskim

85%
Sienkiewicz-Kaya H.
SECRETUM. Służby specjalne, bezpieczeństwo, informacja
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2015
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issue 1(2)
174 - 190
PL
Kurdowie stanowią największą mniejszość etniczną na całym Bliskim Wschodzie, zamieszkują teren północnego Iraku, Syrii, Iranu, ale przede wszystkim Turcji. Jako naród, Kurdowie na tych terenach od lat doświadczali niesprawiedliwości i nietolerancji, a kolejne rządy dążyły do anihilacji ich kultury i tożsamości. Konflikt turecko-kurdyjski pogłębił się w 2. połowie XX w. - w tym czasiemiały miejsce przewroty, stan wojenny, zamachy, zginęło ponad 40 000 ludzi po obu stronach, z których żadna nie nosiła sie z zamiarem ustąpienia. Konflikt w Turcji był wykorzystywany przez inne kraje do osiągnięcia swoich celów i powiększenia strefy wpływów, chętnie więc interesowały sie nim obce wywiady, nie tylko z krajów sąsiednich, często służąc wsparciem i pomocą Kurdom, zapewniając im broń lub schronienie, wspierając ich aspiracje do utworzenia własnego kraju, w zamian zdobywając sojusznika na terenie wroga lub zbierając cenne informacje. Położenie geopolityczne Turcji sprawia, że jej znaczenie nie może być niedoceniane, a zinteresowania nią i Kurdami przez służby specjalne utrzymuje się na najwyższym poziomie, bowiem na tym terenie mają miejsce zmiany kształtujące istotnie bądź nie pokoju i to nie tylko Bliskiego Wschodu.
EN
Kurds constitute the largest ethnic minority in the whole Middle East, inhabiting the area of Northern Iraq, Syria, Iran, but most of all, Turkey. As a nation, Kurds have for many years suffered on these lands injustice and intolerance, and the subsequent governments aimed at the annihilation of their culture and identity. The Turkish-Kurdish conflict deepened in the second half of the XX century, in the period of revolutions, martial law and coups. More than 40,000 people died on both sides, none of which intended to concede. The conflict in Turkey has been used by other countries to attain their own goals and enlarge their sphere of influence. It has aroused the interest of foreign intelligence services, not only from neighbouring countries, frequently offering support and assistance to Kurds, providing weapons or shelter, backing their aspirations to having their own state, in return gaining an ally on the enemy territory or collecting invaluable information. The geopolitical situation of Turkey makes it impossible to underestimate its significance. This country and Kurds remain the focus of attention for secret services, since it is in this area that the changes take place which shape the future peace or its lack, not only in the Middle East.
3
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No i stało się. Szkic do manifestu gnostyka

70%
Jaroszewski J.
DYSKURS: Pismo Naukowo-Artystyczne ASP we Wrocławiu
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2019
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vol. 27(27)
246-253
PL
The text by Janusz Jaroszewski (the author of artistic and scientific book THAT THERE... with no name) And so it happened is a draft of a manifesto, a critical assessment of all old and present religious as well as political doctrines, that are intersubjective imagined orders, which, in author’s as- sessment, currently led to very serious crisis of all kinds of values. Jaro- szewski strengthens his diagnosis with references to writers, poets and philosophers, who also included these issues in their works – Thomas Bernhard, Yuval Noah Harari, Miguel de Unamuno and Marina Tsvetaeva.
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