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THE SEMANTICS OF THE VERB 'PAMIETAC'

100%
Laskowski R.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego
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2008
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vol. 64
77-96
EN
The paper addresses questions of syntactic and semantic features of the Pol. verb 'pamietac' (remember). The distinction between the knowledge and memory predicates is pointed out: while propositional knowledge and knowledge by acquaintance are lexically distinguished in Polish (wiedziec 'to know that p' vs. znac' 'to be acquainted with a'), both memory of events and memory of individuals are lexically expressed by the same verb, viz. 'pamietac'. In this respect, the memory predicate shows syntactic affinity to perception predicates, which follows from the fact that memory and perception alike demand an immediate contact of the Subject with an object (resp. witnessing an event by the Subject) at the moment of perception or at some moment previous to remembering the object or the event in question. The specific use of the memory predicate in the context of the modal conjunction 'zeby' is also discussed; it is argued that '(nie) pamietac, zeby p' constructions express, depending on the context (with negation as the crucial factor), epistemic or deontic modality. The specific features of the dative syntactic structures (xNom) pamieta y (Dat P) 'x harbours rancour against y for p' expressing a (negative) emotional attitude of the Subject towards a person, are analyzed and their syntactic similarity to other emotional-attitude predicates in Polish is pointed out. Finally, also metaphoric uses of the verb in question were analyzed.
2
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Ke komentujícím vedlejším větám se spojovacím výrazem jak

100%
Stepan J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2007
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vol. 68
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issue 2
101-116
EN
In the framework of the functional-semantic analysis of the system of the complex sentence, the paper deals with commenting subordinate clauses with the connective 'jak'. These clauses cannot be classified as one of the basic types of subordinate clauses (adverbial clauses, content clauses, etc.): they are on the periphery of the concept of the subordinate clause, at a point of transition between determination and parenthesis. The transitional area between commenting subordinate clauses and adverbial subordinate clauses of manner is determined. The core of the article is, however, the analysis of the commenting subordinate clauses which refer to the content of the whole main clause. In using these clauses, the speaker comments on the content of the main clause from his point of view (attitude, stylization). In the first phase, commenting clauses are therefore classified as either attitudinal clauses ('inferential meanings'), stylization clauses ('reportive meanings') or contact subordinate clauses. In the second phase, they are classified according to the manner of expression of the modality and the semantics of their predicates. Finally, subordinate clauses with 'jak' which comment on only one word from the main sentence are mentioned.
3

ON THE MODAL FUNCTION OF THE LEXEME 'MOZHE / MOZHET' IN POLISH AND RUSSIAN

100%
Czapiga Z.
Slavia Orientalis
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2005
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vol. 54
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issue 2
271-281
EN
The author discusses the semantic and syntactic features of lexemes 'mozhet (Russ.), byt' mozhet (Russ.)', 'mozhe (Pol.), byc' mozhe (Pol.)'. They express speaker's own attitude to the message: they signify possibility, probability of a fact, incident. What is more, they may contain a shade of a question or suggestion. The above-mentioned modal lexemes are used in the meaning: 'if something may/might happen or may/might be true, there is a possibility that it will happen or be true but it is not certain'. Their modal meaning can be transformed into a statement: 'I think, we can suppose that...'. Sentences with such modal lexemes are usually of two-element structure: dictum (D) i.e. the part of a sentence that names facts (processes or incidents), and modus (M) that names the speaker's own attitude to the indicated facts, so it explains how we should treat dictum. Apart from the Polish direct dictionary equivalents of the Russian lexeme other synonymous forms with the same shade of modal meaning: 'bodaj; mozhliwe, zhe...' appear only in several examples. The lexemes either refer to the sentence as a whole or to some of its elements.
4

Why Don't I Like Possible Worlds

100%
Talasiewicz M.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
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2008
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vol. 17
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issue 2(66)
211-218
EN
The author argues that possible worlds semantics is counterintuitive and fails to achieve its goals. The definition of the meaning of a sentence as the set of possible worlds in which the sentence is true is criticized as inadequate; the semantics of modal expressions is claimed uninformative. Truth-conditions of counterfactuals on one hand, and definitions of law-like expressions (or statements expressing causal connection) on the other hand, are regarded as circular. A further development of indexical semantics - a more fine-grained one, involving interdisciplinary research into the relations among the indices - is advocated as an alternative.
5

CONCRETE IMPOSSIBLE WORLDS

100%
Vacek M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2013
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vol. 68
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issue 6
523 – 529
EN
The paper deals with such a modification of genuine modal realism as to accommodate impossible worlds into its ontology. First of all, the theory of modal realism is presented. Next, several motivations for the acceptance of impossible worlds are adduced. Further, Lewis’s argument against impossible worlds is presented. It is argued that the argument can be weakened by rejection of one of its premises. Finally, two objections against the proposal are countered. Although my strategy accounts for the Opinion concerning the impossible, it allegedly violates another Opinion which conceives the reality classical. It seems, however, that there is no no-question-begging reason to think that reality is classical. How can we know, after all, which logic describes reality? Without a definite answer to the question, the incredibility objection then simply collapses into a statement of a possibility dogma.
6

MODAL REALISM AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS: THE CASE OF ISLAND UNIVERSES

100%
Vacek M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2013
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vol. 68
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issue 10
868 – 876
EN
The paper outlines and immediately discusses the so-called ‘soft’ impossibility, i.e., non-logical impossibility generated by modal realism. It will be shown that although in a particular case genuine modal realism, straightforwardly applied, deems impossible a proposition that other philosophers have claimed to be (intuitively) possible, there are a variety of methodologically acceptable moves available in order to avoid the problem. The impossibility at issue is the existence of island universes. Given the Lewisian analysis there are three points at which we might try to square genuine modal realism with such a controversial and problematic claim of (im)possibility, namely: a) the contraction of our pre-theoretical opinions about possibility, b) the revision of some Lewisian definitions and/or c) the extension of our ontological commitments. The author shall look at each of these approaches applied to the problematic case.
7

The Possible and Other Kinds of World

100%
Pasniczek J.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
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2008
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vol. 17
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issue 2(66)
17-27
EN
The author argues that possible worlds semantics is counterintuitive and does not to achieve its goals. The definition of the meaning of a sentence as the set of all possible worlds in which the sentence is true is criticized as inadequate; the semantics of modal expressions is shown to be uninformative. Truth-conditions of counterfactuals on one hand, and definitions of law-like expressions (or statements expressing causal connection) on the other hand, are exposed as circular. A further development of indexical semantics - more fine-grained and involving interdisciplinary research into the relationships among the indices - is advocated as an alternative.
8

SENTENCE TYPES AND SENTENCE MODALITIES IN GERMAN AND HUNGARIAN

88%
Peteri A.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2005
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vol. 129
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issue 2
219-235
EN
This paper summarises the major results of a research project carried out at the Institute of German Studies of Lorand Eotvos University in 2002-2004. The aim of the project was a contrastive study of the systems of sentence types and the means of expressing sentence modality in German and Hungarian. The research focused on some interrogative and imperative sentence types. Comparing the sentence types of the two languages, the author formulates a general organising principle, that of minimal marking, a version of the universal principle of linguistic economy actualised to sentence types. According to the principle of minimal marking, each sentence type is identified by the possible minimum of syntactic features. This accounts for certain similarities between the two languages like falling intonation at the end of wh-questions. Obviously, there are also numerous differences between German and Hungarian in the syntactic marking of the various sentence types; the author attempts to derive those differences from the diverse typological characteristics of the two languages.
9

REVÍZIA DEFINÍCIÍ POJMOV DOSTATOČNÁ A NUTNÁ PODMIENKA

88%
Gahér F.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2012
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vol. 19
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issue 1
16 – 37
EN
Analysing the process of keeping promise we identify its sequence structure and its phase sequences in time. This allows us to arrive at the time order principle forming according to which obligation performance cannot precede in time its sufficient or necessary conditions performance. We further observe that a given promise must always be taken as an element of a certain system of promises. As a result we review definitions of the terms sufficient condition and necessary condition as no more allowing their mutual defining, or symmetry (conversion). We try to discover the compliance rules concerning the condition – the conditioned vector, the course of events vector and the time vector. We conclude that it indicates an incorrect use if, provided the condition – the conditioned vector complies with the course of events vector, the negative time difference in the descriptive use of sentences involving either the if-then connective or the only if connective is obtained. Only when using sentences for abductee explanation with a dominating epistemic vector the negative difference of time does not indicate erroneous use; however, this is possible only for the term of sufficient condition. We further suggest reviewed definition generalization involving the terms of sufficient condition and necessary condition containing always a parameter element denoting a given modality type, or a particular system of rules, laws, etc. Such definition satisfies Brennan’s requirement of a “general formal scheme” where the notion of sufficient condition and necessary condition symmetry (conversion) does not apply.
10

ON CICERO’S FABIUS ARGUMENT

88%
Marko V.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2020
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vol. 75
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issue 8
677 – 692
EN
This article aims to show that it is impossible to put Cicero’s testimonies regarding The Fabius Argument in a consistent inferential order. Either we must suppose that additional premises are tacitly assumed in the text or we must compare it with other sources, which leads to inconsistencies in the proof’s reconstruction. Cicero’s reconstruction of the progression of the argument has formal shortcomings, and the paper draws attention to some of these deficiencies. He interpreted sources in a revised and intentionally simplified way, with the aim of undermining the views of his opponents, casting them as inconsistent and similar to views held by Diodorus. Rather than being a consistently interpreted argument faithfully transcribed from the Stoic sources, Cicero’s Fabius Argument is ultimately anti-Stoic.
11
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Algumas observacoes sobre o futuro do conjuntivo portugues e futuro de subjuntivo espanhol

88%
Czopek N.
Studia Iberystyczne
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2010
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vol. 9
35-47
EN
This article compares the usage of future forms of Spanish and Portuguese subjunctive mood. The usage of the future forms of Spanish subjunctive is analysed via diachronic and synchronic perspectives, which highlight the changes introduced in the Spanish modal system throughout the ages. The second part describes the usage of the future forms of the subjunctive mood in Portuguese. The conclusions comprise a short description of the modal, temporal and aspectual features of the Spanish and Portuguese subjunctive pointed out in the analysis proposed in the article.
12

COMBINATORIAL THEORIES OF POSSIBLE WORLDS AND THEIR PERSPECTIVES

88%
Tomala O.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2007
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vol. 14
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issue 2
148-176
EN
Analysis of alethic modality and the related notion of possible world have played important if not crucial role in the analytic philosophy of the 20th century. The mainstream in the theories of possible worlds, so called Actualism, is currently predominated by the theories, which define possible worlds as set-theoretical objects composed of propositions. Other theories are usually being dismissed by a set of rather standard criticisms. The aim of this paper is to show the problems that the propositional theories have to face and to argue that one of the alternative theories, namely Combinatorialism, provides much better basis for analysis of alethic modality than it is usually thought.
13

HIGHLIGHTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TENSE-LOGIC

88%
Øhrstrøm P.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2023
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vol. 30
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issue 1
5 - 31
EN
For the first time Arthur Norman Prior presented his ideas of tense-logic1 on the 27th August in 1954. He developed the field further in many publications until his death in 1969. His books Time and Modality (1957a), Past, Present and Future (1967), and Papers on Time and Tense (1968) were clearly vital milestones. Much of Prior’s personal motivation had to do with his struggle with the logical tension between the theological doctrines of divine foreknowledge and human freedom. It turned out that tense-logic gave rise to a powerful tool for dealing with this and similar problems. Furthermore, important highlights in Prior’s tense-logic were the development of branching time and the introduction of instant propositions (leading to what has later been called ‘hybrid logic’). Since Prior’s death, many further developments of formal tense logic and its semantics have been presented and carefully investigated. In philosophical logic, many researchers have focused on discussions regarding ‘the true future’ and the notion of ‘the thin red line’.
14

QUANTIFICATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE 1: FROM ARISTOTLE TO BOLZANO

88%
Koreň L.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2014
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vol. 21
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issue 1
22 – 44
EN
So-called quantificational accounts explicate logical consequence or validity as truth-preservation in all cases, cases being construed as admissible substitution variants or as admissible interpretations with respect to non-logical terms. In the present study, which is the first from three successive studies devoted to quantification accounts, the author focus on the beginning of systematic theorizing of consequence in Aristotle‘s work, which contains the rudiments of both modal and formal accounts of consequence. He argues, inter alia, that there is no evidence for the claim that Aristotle propounded a quantificational account and that for a full-fledged quantificational approach in a modern style we need to turn to Bolzano’s substitution approach, whose motivation, structure and problems are explained in the second part of this study.
15
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Nová konstrukce „Karla Gotta nemusím“ v češtině a slovenštině: případ lexikalizace, pragmatikalizace nebo začínající degramatikalizace?

75%
Hansen B., Nekula M., Banášová M.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2011
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vol. 72
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issue 4
243-268
EN
This article deals with the construction “Karla_Gotta_nemusím” [I don’t have to have Karel Gott] which has recently developed in the Czech and Slovak youth language variety and began spreading to other registers. The contribution is based on a questionnaire carried out among students in Prague, Brno and Trnava. The linguistic analysis is inspired by Construction Grammar. In this specific constructional context involving negation, the original modal verbs of necessity are used as main verbs with the new meaning ‘to dislike’, which is accompanied by a change in the complementation pattern: instead of an infinitive phrase, the modals govern a nominal phrase in the accusative. The second part of the article is dedicated to the question of whether the development of the modals muset and musieť [must, have to] into the construction “Karla_Gotta_nemusím” presents a case of a) lexicalization, b) pragmaticalization, or c) degrammaticalization. This is an instance of a change from a modal auxiliary verb to a lexical one, which could be treated as one of the very rare instances of degrammaticalization.
16

CROSS-WORLD COMPARATIVES FOR MODAL REALISTS

75%
Michels R.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2018
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vol. 25
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issue 3
368 – 391
EN
Divers (2014) argues that a Lewisian theory of modality which includes both counterpart theory and modal realism cannot account for the truth of certain intuitively true modal sentences involving cross-world comparatives. The main purpose of this paper is to defend the Lewisian theory against Divers’s challenge by developing a response strategy based on a degree-theoretic treatment of comparatives and by showing that this treatment is compatible with the theory.
17

EVIDENCIA V SÉMANTIKE

75%
Bielik L.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2017
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vol. 72
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issue 1
1 – 14
EN
The paper contributes to the methodological discussion of what evidence the philosophers of language (e.g. Devitt, Machery, Stich, etc.) use in support or disconfirmation of semantic theories. Three classical theories of empirical confirmation are discussed. We suggest that in the methodological literature on semantics one of them – namely H-D conception – prevails. Further, we provide a basic framework for testing modal semantic statements. Finally, we discuss the role of intuitions, language corpuses and other linguistic data in the methodological considerations.
18

THE CATEGORY OF MODALITY IN SLOVAK CARPATHIAN ROMANI

75%
Rácová A.
Asian and African Studies
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2006
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vol. 15
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issue 1
73 - 79
EN
The modality, that is the indispensability, possibility and intentionality of carrying out the content of the predicate, is expressed within the predicational component of the illocutionary act. The Slovak Carpathian Romani does not have any modal verbs of its own to express indispensability (must, to have to) and possibility (can, be able to). These modal relations are most often expressed either by borrowed modal verbs ('musinel' - must, to have to), by particles ('musaj' - must, 'saj/nasti' - can/cannot), or with the help of other lexical means ('kampel' - it is necessary, 'jel' - to be). The possibility to carry out some action is expressed in various ways depending on the further specification of the possibility. When expressing indispensability and possibility the subject is usually the one carrying out the process expressed by the autosemantic verb and at the same time the bearer of modal disposition for carrying it out expressed by the modal verb. When expressing intentionality (to want), we also frequently find cases where the subject carrying out the action expressed by a particular verb form is not identical with the bearer of modal disposition.
19

O “BEZ”

75%
Gahér F.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue suppl. 1
24 – 43
EN
The paper deals with the word “without” and its role in those kinds of collocations in which it has a meaning-carrying function. It is assumed that the meaning of “without” in the kinds of collocations under scrutiny is context independent in that it can be explicated by a single scheme: For every ξ1, ξ2, …, ξn holds, that Π(ξ1, ξ2, …, ξn) if not Θ(ξ1, ξ2, …, ξn) where Π, Θ are propositions or propositional functions (predicates) and ξ1, ξ2, …, ξn are relevant variables, whose range is determined by that following after the word “without”. The scheme varies with the variable type to which “without” is applied purely as a certain kind of operator. The concatenations “without + expression” are, typically, equivalent to more prolix “without”-free collocations; thus “without” is a suitable device for text comprehension.
20

SLOVENSKÉ ĽUDOVÉ PIESNE V KLAVÍRNYCH ÚPRAVÁCH VLADIMIRA REBIKOVA

75%
Ferková E.
Musicologica Slovaca
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2023
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vol. 14 (40)
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issue 1
93-113
EN
This article is devoted to researching and characterising the arrangements (especially in the area of harmony) of the Slovak folk songs which were selected and compositionally processed for vocal and piano by the Russian composer Vladimir Rebikov (1866 – 1920) at the turn of the 20th century. The set of 25 song arrangements confirms that the composer accomplished his creative processing on the lines of his own artistic principles. What this involved was an extension and embellishment of the harmonic course, which despite its modernity remained within the bounds of the tonal or modal thinking typical for extended tonality and for a modality tending towards musical impressionism. The usual connection of the content of songs to the major key in positively attuned songs, with minor solutions where the contents have a negative or sorrowful sound, is purposefully used in Rebikov’s arrangements. Also typical of the harmonic plan is a cadence progression, with a predominance of sevenths, or modal and unfinished harmonic solutions where they reinforce the significance of the text of the songs.
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