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1
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Prostor města a jeho fázový růst v českých zemích od konce 19. století

100%
Semotanová E.
Historická geografie (Historical Geography)
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2010
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vol. 36
|
issue 2
225-254
EN
The issue of phased growth of the town space depending on the number of inhabitants, the development and profile formation of the town in the region and on penetration of towns into the landscape around them opens up a number of questions and problems in the research in relation to the historici land use, economic history and demography. An unusual dimension of research is offered by the study of the picture of historical landscape during individual phases of town expansion all the way to the current sub-urbanizing processes based on comparative map sources of the Czech lands since the second half of the 18th century.
2
Content available remote

INDÍCIE SKLÁRSKEJ(?) VÝROBY V POHORÍ TRIBEČ

100%
Jahn J., Samuel M.
Študijné zvesti
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2009
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issue 46
87 - 90
EN
The contribution gives information on evidences of extinct metallurgy in the Tribeč mountain range area, to which no historical sources exist and both kind and chronology of which have not been acceptably answered until recently. The results of surface prospection on some of these sites make us assume their connection with a modern-era glass production.
3

THE PROBATE INVENTORY OF THE SAMBIAN CANON ANDRZEJ BRACHWAGEN FROM 1517 (Inwentarz posmiertny oficjala i kanonika sambijskiego Andrzeja Brachwagena z 1517 roku)

100%
Biskup R.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 2
231-236
EN
The article concerns the poorly explored topic of the everyday life and the material culture of clergymen and members of the cathedral chapters in the Teutonic Order State. The subject is difficult to investigate due to the scarcity of sources, therefore the probate inventory of the canon mentioned in the title, preserved in the archives in Berlin-Dahlem, is particularly interesting for historians. The author publishes the source text in the appendix to the article; he also presents the biography of the canon and the circumstances of making the inventory. He also describes the structure of the canon's property, which comprised cash, jewellery, silverware, garments, bed linen and bed covering, furniture and household utensils, books and debts.
4

OLD AGE IN THE LIFE OF POLISH PEASANTS AT THE TURN OF THE MODERN ERA (Starosc w zyciu kmieci polskich przelomu sredniowiecza i czasów nowozytnych)

100%
Guzowski P.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 1
101-110
EN
The article is based on the book of court record from the village of Trzesniowa from the years 1419-1609. The data was analyzed from both the demographic and the social perspective. Records of village courts allow us to trace peasants' fortunes and to reconstruct their families and lifecycles by the classical genealogical method. The analysed book contains 1542 court notes from the years 1419-1609, regarding the purchase, sale, inheritance or exchange of land, as well as rents, testaments, inventories, loans, pledges, criminal cases and conflicts between neighbours. Most commonly, the people involved were peasants who were hereditary tenants of land and performed some court functions (e.g. jurors). Women were heavily under-represented. Particular people were mentioned from one to over a hundred times. The demographic analysis was conducted on two levels. The first step was to delimit a group of 219 peasants who were mentioned in the book at least five times. This procedure made it possible to trace a significant part of their lifecycle, starting with the purchase or inheritance of land. The last mention of such a person in the book often came from over 20 later. The arithmetic average for the whole of the period in question was almost 24 years, but the median was only 21 years. The average time of activity for members of the village elite was over 25 years (arithmetic average - 26, median - 25), and for the other 'common' peasants it was 20 years (median - 19). Out of the analyzed 219 peasants 64 people were selected, who were active for 30 or more years. 26 of those sold their land on older age, usually on credit (10 of them to their sons or sons-in-law) and appeared in court to confirm the receipt of instalments. They usually stayed with their families, having a guarantee of care and a right to use a room and a piece of land, or they rented accommodation with another family. The other 38 of the group, who formally did not bequeath their land in the old age, probably remained heads of their family households. 22 of them played important roles in the village community, being jurors or the lord's officials. Only in 35 cases of the 64 the land was inherited by the peasant's progeny. Securing a heir to the hereditary plot was the worst demographic and economic problem for both peasants and, indirectly, their lords.
5

FOOD AND OTHER MATTERS. THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF CENTRAL EUROPE IN EARLY MODERN LANGUAGE AIDS (Jedzenie oraz inne sprawy. Codziennosc Europy Srodkowej we wczesnonowozytnych rozmówkach do nauki jezyków obcych)

100%
Klonder A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2011
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vol. 59
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issue 1
41-52
EN
Since Antiquity the acquisition of communicative skills in foreign languages has been aided by the use of bilingual or multilingual phrasebooks with exemplary dialogues. Phrasebooks were also commonly used in the early modern era. The author surveys the best known publications of this type, including Erasmus's Familiarum colloqiarum formulae and the works of his imitators and continuators. The authors of well-known Latin, French, German, Dutch and Czech phrasebooks were, among others, Petrus Apherdianus, Ondrej Klatovski, Marthurin Cordier (the 16th c.) and Philippe Garnier (the 17th c.). Against this background the author analyses German-Polish phrasebooks from the 16th -18th c. Their compilers (including Nicolaus Volckmar, Jeremias Rotter, Matthias Gutthäter-Dobracki, Johan Ernesti, Jan Moneta) lived in Silesia and Royal or Ducal Prussia. Also the users usually came for the borderland areas where both Polish and German were in common use. Phrasebooks, both those published in Western Europe and those issued in Gdansk (Danzig) or Wroclaw (Breslau), usually covered a certain conventional list of topics. Those included food and table manners, health and hygiene, travelling and trade (especially in the area of food, clothing and textiles). Much space is devoted to presenting everyday life and school situations. Larger phrasebooks include dialogues concerning farming or crafts, and finally some existential topics, such as birth, death, religion, war and peace. The picture captured by phrasebooks, usually rooted in the realities of the author's country or town, provides material for comparing the situation in various parts of Europe. Among the above-mentioned topics the author focuses on the data on food, concluding that Polish-German phrasebooks provide the fullest description of the eating habits and table manners of the affluent inhabitants of large cities (Gdansk, Wroclaw). Secondly, they contain many interesting details about the culinary preferences of the gentry, poorer burghers and rich peasants. Regional cuisine, however, is very poorly represented.
6

CHAPEAU BAS. ON THE MODERN PREDECESSORS OF THE TRICORNE (Chapeau bas. O nowozytnych przodkach trikorna)

100%
Zukowski J.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 3-4
367-385
EN
The wardrobes of modern gallants were full of varied hats, caps, nightcaps and skullcaps which kept the wig in place; the mediaeval kiwior was still popular around the year 1620. Due to the climate, sabre or marten caps were often worn even by the followers of the Western fashion. For example, King Sigismund III was wearing a 'wolf fur hat' when he was attacked by Piekarski. King Vladislaus IV Vasa was fond of two-peaked caps, which were called boukinkans in honour of the Duke of Buckingham. But even the Sarmatians valued the practicality of the hat. This article presents hats as an element of the Western fashion, a cultural trend that was never truly eliminated from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The hat was regarded as a signal of social distinction, religious denomination and political preferences. It had varied social functions, being a prop in legal relations, in the diplomatic protocol, in the court ritual and in the royal rite. Guides to etiquette taught when the 'jewel of the manly head' absolutely had be taken off, for example before the portrait of one's superior or in the presence of a person positioned higher in the hierarchy, unless they kindly relinquished their privilege on the occasion, etc. The sovereign had special prerogatives in this respect; apart from situations accounted for by the diplomatic protocol, courtesy and court etiquette rulers never appeared in public bare-headed. Tipping one's hat was a primary gesture of greeting, especially before the spread of the handshake custom. Finally, one's headgear could be an instrument of refined stylizations, as was the case with the 'chimney-like' a la bravado hats or the huge drooping a la Negligence hats. With the dictate of the beret receding, the second half of the 16th c. was dominated by velvet and silk hats shaped by inner constructions made of wire, straw or papier mâché (cardboard, felt, buckram, palm leaves, bast), which were often called 'Milanese hats' or 'high German caps' in Poland. Richly embroidered, usually leather a tozzo berets (French tocques, Italian tocchi, Spanish gorras aderezadas) of German provenance with a high crown and a small brim were sewn of strips of cloth so they needed 'keystones' on the top, which were often spire-shaped or covered with a 'cabochon'. To avoid fraying, the seams in silk hats were impregnated with wax. The puggaree was first used to hide seams, creases, stains of wax and glue, etc., at the joining of the crown and the brim. In the 17th c. the light a l'espagnole hat gave way to felt hats, usually made of wool mixed with beaver fur. The most popular varieties were hats of grey felt (of Italian origin) and of waterproof beaver felt (Dutch kastoor), sometimes covered with silk. 'The Albanian hat' with a wide brim and a small head-fitting crown, worn since the third quarter of the 16th c., together with the Spanish sombrero, was probably a model for the so-called 'French hat' (chapeau francais), popular in the time of Henry IV. In Polish sources hats are divided into beaver hats, called 'castor' ('full', 'three-quarter' and 'half-castor', French semi-castor) and other types, called 'simpler'. The city of Gdansk (Danzig), which played an important role in transmitting the Western fashion, was a centre of felt production and had several dozen hatters and haberdashers who manufactured puggarees (Hundbandmachere). A whole collection of a la mousquetaire hats is found in the painting The execution of a convict by Bartholomäus Milwitz in the National Museum in Gdansk. Other sources document the battle for ruling gallant heads between the hat and the wig. Hats were worn inside until c. 1685; later they no longer served to cover the head but to bare it on order to show respects, therefore they were often carried in one's hand or under one's arm. The reduction of the wig promoted tricorns, which came back to their original function; its retreat at the end of the 18th c. cleared the way for top hats.
7

TESTAMENTS OF MEMBERS OF THE ORTHODOX AND UNIATE CHURCHES AS A SOURCE OF DATA ON THE HISTORY OF THE EASTERN RITES IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE 16TH-18TH C. (THE STATE OF RESEARCH AND RESEARCH POSTULATES) (Polish title below)

100%
Zielecka W.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 2
237-243
EN
(Polish title: Testamenty prawoslawnych i unitów jako zródlo do badan nad dziejami konfesji wschodnich w Rzeczypospolitej XVI-XVIII wieku (stan badan, postulaty badawcze). The previous studies concerning testaments of members of the Eastern Churches were mostly focused on the publication of last wills undertaken in the 19th c. by the specially appointed Russian state commissions in Vilnius, Kiev, Witebsk and St Petersburg. Testaments have not been considered so far as a source of data on the history of the Orthodox and Uniate Churches in the eastern part of the Commonwealth. In view of the scarcity of sources concerning the monasteries and churches of both rites it seems advisable to use alternative sources. Last wills were used sporadically in studies devoted to Byelorussian architecture (Inessa Sljunkova), the charitable activity (Antoni Mironowicz) and religious foundations (Tomasz Kempa) of Orthodox Christians in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author of the present article used testaments to show the attitude of Eastern Christians to death and to funeral ceremonies. She also explored the usefulness of this type of source in establishing the religious affiliation and describing the religious activity of the gentry in the eastern part of the Commonwealth. Among the Ukrainian studies related to the subject we should mention the works of S. Horin devoted to monasticism in Ruthenian territories and of M. Dovbyshchenko, the author of a monograph of the religious movements of Volhynian gentry in the end of the 16th and the first half of the 17th c. Although based on extensive sources, this work is controversial. The author draws far-reaching conclusions solely on the basis of last wills. Some of the conclusions are questionable, especially as regards the interpretation of bequests to churches or lack thereof. One of the previously unexplored topics is the personal property of the priests and hierarchs of both Churches. Since high positions in the hierarchy were given to monks, it is interesting to consider whether the life standard of Eastern bishops was close to monastic poverty or to the level of the gentry. Another question concerns the garments used by Eastern priests both in liturgy and in everyday life, especially to what extent priests financed the liturgical vestments mentioned in testaments. In connection with testaments it can also be asked whether priests sponsored other church accessories, who inherited the artefacts connected with the testator's priesthood and service, and how those artefacts were perceived by testators. Valuable insights supplementing such research could be gained from probate inventories.
8

OLD PEOPLE IN PEASANT AND GENTRY HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND IN THE LATE 18TH C. (Ludzie starzy w chlopskich i szlacheckich gospodarstwach domowych w Koronie schylku XVIII wieku)

100%
Kopczynski M.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 1
111-119
EN
Old age as a special period in an individual's life is a relatively new topic in historical research. Interest in this subject has been stirred by the process of population ageing, inevitably affecting all the developed countries and increasingly present in public discourse. Population ageing stems from an increase of longevity but its effects are acutely felt only when it is combined with a decrease of the fertility rate, as a result of which the proportion of old people in the population (however old age is defined) rises to over 20%. In Western Europe the process has been witnessed since the 1960s, being euphemistically called the second demographic transformation. In Poland and other countries of 'the younger Europe' it started in the 1980s and has been much more rapid than in the West. Population ageing leads to a number of economic and social consequences. The article deals with the situation of old people in peasant and gentry families in Poland in the late 18th century. It is based on civil and military census records from the years 1790-92 from the districts of Radziejów and Podgórze in Kuyavia (peasants) and the region of Wielun (gentry). The basic research question concerns the family strategies assumed in view of ageing and their impact on the structure of households. For eighteenth-century peasants in Kuyavia social ageing began when they lost the position of the head of the household. In the case of men this happened quite late, about the age of 70, in the case of women - about the age of 60. In the serfdom system, where contracts and ownership were not legally guaranteed, and the position of elderly people was regulated only by ethical norms not by law, the loss of this position entailed social degradation. Unsurprisingly, peasants tried to avoid it, hanging on to their farms. Men were more successful at that, while women were more quickly and inevitably degraded. The author explored the differences in the structure of peasant and gentry households. In both cases the dominant model was a nuclear family, but the proportion of extended families including lineal ancestors and collateral relatives was different. Among peasants there was a significant proportion of families headed by single mothers; households of more complex structure were uncommon. Gentry households quite often included collateral relatives, usually unmarried or widowed women. The small proportion of households in which widowed mothers lived with their sons' families indicates that widowed gentry women were in a much better position than widowed peasant women. The above-mentioned differences were conditioned by the domination of the production function in peasant households and the lack of ownership guarantees. These factors made the situation of old people in peasant households very difficult. For fear of declassing peasant families get rid of older sons, making them go into service, so that they did not compete with their ageing parents, and replacing them with hired labourers. Widowed men often remarried, which was necessary from the perspective of productivity and helped avoid degradation. Women, who were unable to do that, quickly lost the position of the head of the household. In gentry households the production function was not so prominent and ownership was guaranteed by law, therefore the perspective of ageing was not as disturbing as it was for peasants.
9

THE HOUSEHOLDS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN POLAND AT THE CLOSE OF THE FEUDAL EPOCH (Gospodarstwo domowe osób starszego pokolenia w miastach na ziemiach polskich w epoce póznofeudalnej)

100%
Kuklo C.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 1
121-134
EN
Although our knowledge of the mechanisms of the functioning and development of urban communities before the industrial era has been systematically broadening, there are still issues in this area which await more extensive research. One of such topics is the situation of elderly people. It can be supposed that in Old-Polish urban communities old age usually implied the end of one's economic activity, the lowering of one's social status, dependence on one's family or moving to a local poorhouse, or even degradation to the class of paupers vegetating in destitution. The present article aims to show the place of old people in the urban communities at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by establishing the proportion of old people who run their own households and by defining their position in the family. Elderly people certainly did not contribute to the potential of the family viewed as an economic unit, on the contrary - they were usually treated as a serious burden for the strictly calculated family budget. The article is an attempt to explore the mechanisms of the functioning of urban communities at the very basic level of its smallest unit, i.e. the family household and its immediate economic surroundings, with special stress on the demographic factor. A detailed analysis was undertaken on the basis of data from smaller towns: Bedzin, Klobuck, Krzepice, Mrzyglód, Mstów, Nowa Góra, Ogrodzieniec, Olkusz, Olsztyn, Pilica, Proszowice, Wolbrom, Zarnowiec (Little Poland), Ostrzeszów, Praszka, Wielun (Great Poland), Radziejów (Kuyavia), as well as the more populated Cracow (10 000 inhabitants within the city walls) and the city of Warsaw (over 100 000 inhabitants). The source basis consisted of handwritten records from the parishes of the aforementioned small towns and of the central parishes of Warsaw (the Holy Cross parish) and Cracow (the Virgin Mary parish). All the records came from the years 1791-1792; they were compiled by local priests for the new organs of local administration established by the Four-Year Sejm. The analysis implemented the widely accepted typology of family households proposed by P. Laslett of Cambridge Group. It should be remembered that Old-Polish towns, like many other European towns, were to a considerable extent feminized, which was best visible in larger communities. The prevalence of females was also traceable in the oldest group. Of the elderly inhabitants about 75% of men and only 20-50% of women were married. This indicates that widowhood concerned a relatively small proportion of old men, while it was a common situation for the majority of old women. Old-Polish towns did not provide particularly favourable conditions to spend one's late years there. Women came to run their own households in different circumstances than men; it was more dependent on age. Independent households run by old men and women (people at the age of 60 or more) were by no means marginal in social life, since they constituted 14-18% of all the households headed by men (11% in Warsaw). The proportion was even higher in female households, ranging from 20% in Warsaw to 40% in smaller towns. Although social class did not have a significant impact on the time of taking over the leading position in the household, it did influence its size. The households headed by elderly men were usually nuclear families or extended families, while over 50% of women who had their own households were single. Moreover, a household headed by an elderly woman was usually 50% smaller than a male household. The shrinking of old people's households in social stratification was caused primarily by the decreasing number of children and home servants. Finally, it should be mentioned that demographic research of the past can be based on various measures of population ageing. One of the measures is the ratio of grandchildren to grandparents, which the author intends to apply in further analyses.
10

NEW BRANCHES OF THE ROMAN TRUNK. THE ISSUE OF “EARLY CHRISTIAN REVIVAL” IN CENTRAL EUROPE

88%
Krasny P.
ARS
|
2013
|
vol. 46
|
issue 2
134 – 147
EN
The attempts to revive and emulate the early-Christian art undertaken after the Council of Trent, was primarily a kind of monument conservation programme. Such efforts had illustrated the return of the church to its sacred apostolic tradition, with a limited scope to places where the monuments dating back to the first centuries in the history of the Church had been preserved, that is chiefly to Rome and Milan. Therefor the paper is aimed at rare attempts to adopt this trend in Central Europe, e.g. Graz or Lowicz.
11

TESTAMENTY A TESTAMENTÁRNE PRÁVO U SPIŠSKÝCH KANONIKOV V 18. STOROČÍ

88%
Glejtek M.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2013
|
vol. 17
|
issue 1
82 – 98
EN
The study deals with the testaments of church representatives in modern era, particularly in the region of Spiš in the 18th century. The development of testamentary law is described. It is analysed the division of canons´ property into the hereditary and non-hereditary property belonging to the beneficium. The basic development of property inheritance rules and partition of the property among the heir beneficiaries are described. The paper introduces the testament of canon Andrej Čepešéni (1738) and describes its content and formal design. The aim is to use the particular example in order to introduce the modern era testaments.
12
Content available remote

NÁLEZY SKLA Z MOSTNEJ ULICE V NITRE. VÝBER Z VÝSKUMOV 1990-2007

88%
Březinová G., Samuel M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2009
|
issue 46
71 - 72
EN
Modern-era glass finds (vessels and beads) were excavated during the excavation seasons in 1990-2007 in the centre of Nitra at Mostná Street position. The majority of finds were dated to the end of the 19th cent. Among them a glass inkpot with a glassmaker’s monogram MB is interesting.
13
Content available remote

MODERN ERA SKLENÝ NÁLEZ Z VÝSKUMU V PÚCHOVE

75%
Vlkolinská I.
Študijné zvesti
|
2009
|
issue 46
77 - 79
EN
A glass bottle from the salvage excavation in Púchov in 2001 is presented in the article. The glass vessel was found at the bottom of a waste pit that belonged to a chemist´s house and contained remains of Unicum vegetable medicine, which was produced by Zwack company in Budapest in the 19th cent. The bottle prototype was patented in 1883.
14

MINCE Z PRIKOSTOLNÉHO CINTORÍNA V DUCOVOM

75%
Hunka J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 2
337 – 367
EN
In the years 1968 – 1972 and 1975 A. Ruttkay excavated the medieval and modern-era cemetery of the nobiliary court in Ducové. During the research, 450 pieces of coins from the years 253 to 1859 were found. They are documenting the importance of the settlement in Ducové and its political and economic development. Some of coins in the founded collection at the site are very rare, e. g. a Bohemian silver denarius of Boleslaus II, the duke of Bohemia, from the end of 10th century; three Moravian denarii of bishop Bruno, minted at Olomouc in the 2nd half of 13th century; ten Bavarian broad denarii from the beginning of the 11th century; another Bavarian, Salzburgian and others pfennigs from the 15th century; Austrian pfennigs from the end of 12th century to 15th century. Hungarian coins from the beginning of 11th century to the years 1859 – 1860 are more usual. In Ducové a bigger collection of Arpadian coins from Slovakia dated to the reigning period of the rulers Stephanus I to Andreas II were found as well. They are proving the development of economic relations at the region of the central Váh river basin as well as the trade and other contacts of inhabitants living at this part of Slovakia with wide surroundings. At the same time the coins from Ducové are evidence of an unusual non-christian funeral custom of giving coins to graves. From the total number of 2000 graves, almost 450 contained also coins. This is the biggest collection of coins from graves in Slovakia and one of the utmost in central Europe, too. The Hungarian coins from Ducové give us a possibility to analyse similar groups of coins, e. g. from the time of Andreas I, Ladislaus I, Kolomanus, or Stephanus II, and to observe the legal order – exchange of several types of coins, once or twice to year. The difference between the value of older and younger coins compensated state duty. This order was applied from the 1060s to the 1st third of 14th century. Only few coins from the 14th and 15th centuries have been found at the site, as the local community was not very big. At the 2nd half of 15th century the region was occupied by enemies – the Hussite Brethren, who built a small fortress here. This was the reason why the site was completely abandoned soon. Coins of modern era from Ducové documented the social position of local inhabitants. Only coins of low value – silver and copper denarii, poltura, and copper kreutzers were given to the graves. From this time, only a copper Salzburgian kreutzer from the year 1805 is unusual. The burial place was used to 1860.
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