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1

The Modernisation of Germany: an Unfinished or Radicalised Project?

100%
Eckardt F.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2012
|
issue 900
37-50
EN
The modernisation of Germany coincided with with the most important phase of urban development. With the upcoming industrialisation, the emergence of modern urban life was based on a modern class formation rooted in professional and occupational status. The city has thus become the place where different social groups integrate, and it allows the individual some freedom to choose intimate relationships. Today, this logic of integration is under great pressure as neither work nor the traditional neighbourhood currently plays this role. The transformation to a radicalised modernity is worked out in this article with regard to the integration of the ethnic “other”. It shows that contemporary urban life in Germany is characterised by a double-edged process: ongoing segregation on a micro-level and adaptation towards a generalised stranger.
2

RITUÁL SMRTI AKO PREJAV TRANSFORMÁCIE POSTSOCIALISTICKEJ MODERNEJ SPOLOČNOSTI (PRÍPADOVÁ ŠTÚDIA)

100%
Kiliánová G.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2007
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vol. 14
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issue 1
31-49
EN
The article deals with cultural changes provoked by the deep post-socialist transformation processes in Slovakia since 1989. It focuses on the dynamics of the transformation at a local level, providing insights into social, economic, political and other relationships of the local inhabitants. The paper presents a case study - current changes of mortuary ritual in one village and pays special attention to the local actors of transformation. It is generally argued that the observed changes are on the one hand the results of both macro-social transformation in Slovakia and of its impact at the micro-social level. On the other hand, the changes are modified by previous development and the specific local conditions. Therefore, the modifications of mortuary ritual are also studied within the wider context of modernization processes in the second half of the 20th century, in particular within the framework of the second modernization wave launched during the socialist regime in former Czechoslovakia.
3
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Modernizace českého evangelického prostředí: případ svobodných církví

75%
Nešpor Z. R.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2012
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vol. 110
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issue 1
20-51
EN
Protestant churches permitted under the Patent of Toleration issued by Joseph II (i.e. the Lutherans and the Calvinists) remained on the outskirts of Czech society with the exception of the Aš (German: Asch) region and the Těšín Silesia (German: Teschener Schlesien). Only after the Protestants achieved equal rights (the Protestant Provisorium 1849, the Protestant Patent 1861), their churches began to expand numerically and had a social and cultural impact. Indeed, their activities from the end of the 19th century until World War II considerably exceeded their relatively small numbers. Simultaneously, alternative „free“ evangelical churches emerged in the second half of the 19th century (the reconstituted Unity of the Brethren, the Free Reformed Church, the Baptists, the Adventists and others), or even Old Catholics. Small churches represented an alternative for Protestants dissatisfied with the functioning of „people‘s“ churches and their deeper religiosity, which often had sectarian features, also appealed, to a degree, to converts from the Roman Catholic environment. The growth in numbers and importance of Protestants in the Czech Lands was linked with nationalist movements and nationalist-confessional links which emerged in the German speaking environment as early as the 1860s and in the Czech and Polish environments in the period around World War I and in its wake. These processes can be understood as manifestations of modernisation in Protestant communities, partially coming from abroad, which led to theological liberalism (in the case of Czech speaking Protestants, but with an „inter-phase“ of confessionalism). Contrary to that, small Evangelical churches took the path of Enlightenment criticism of theological liberalism, which, however, was based on no less – although different – modernist principles.
4

MODERNISATION AND/OR CHANGE OF THE SYSTEM?

63%
Kulcsar K.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2008
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vol. 25
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issue 4
403-434
EN
It is not unusual in science as in common life that a concept emerges but becomes useless after some time, or, it becomes fashionable then disappears. A scientific concept that initially appeared to be capable of explaining everything, having almost absolute value 'shrinks' to its real content with the development of learning. As such, it fits into the system of often similarly born concepts this time expressing real phenomena, with its true explanatory meaning. 'Modernisation' seems to be one of those concepts. Though the word itself appeared already in the 19th century, it became fashionable in academic literature a couple of decades ago. After World War II and nowadays its real content has unfolded, and the phenomena covered by the concept can be outlined, hence it can be used with real explanatory force in understanding our social phenomena and processes.
5

IDENTITA MODERNÍCH MĚSTSKÝCH SVĚTŮ (PŘÍKLAD PRAHY V OBDOBÍ OD ŠEDESÁTÝCH LET 19. STOLETÍ DO TZV. SAMETOVÉ REVOLUCE (1989))

63%
Soukupová B.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2013
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vol. 61
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issue 4
338 – 350
EN
The identity of every modern nation city arose not only from its history and traditions, but primarily from delimiting itself in relation to other, different, foreign identities. This delimitation naturally had not only politico-social and cultural repercussions, but also its symbolic level (including the language one). Prague, the capital of the Czech lands, from the 1860s unequivocally a Czech city, had, in its modern history, to delimit itself in relation to states on whose territory it was located. At the same time, however, Prague represent, until 1941, the space where fates of the Czech majority and the German and Jewish structured majorities (mainly they were people who assimilated; from the 1890s the Zionist ideology began to have influence in Prague) met and merged. Jewish Orthodoxy was the minority orientation. This merge of three elements, typical of a number of Central European cities, ended with the tragedy of Jewish transports during the Second World War and the expulsion (from May 1945) and displacement (from January 1946 to the end of that year) of the Prague Germans. The ethnic variety of Prague during the interwar period was supplemented by Ukrainian, Russian and Byelorussian anti-Bolshevik inclined emigration. In contrast to the pre-war situation, after the Communist Revolution of February 1948, Prague was a nationally virtually homogeneous city. The second pillar of Prague identity (alongside its relation to the state) thus created a range of manifestations of national polarization which appeared on the socio-political level, the cultural-political level and also in daily life. The Czech Germans were thus the most important group compared to whom the Czechs nationally delimited themselves. Except during the Hitler period, respect for the Germans from Germany prevailed. In the era of the Sovietized city, then, the construct of the missing internal national enemy was replaced by the construct of the enemy imperialist camp compared to which the exemplary socialistic Prague was forced to define itself with no less intensity. As the third cornerstone of Prague identity one can consider Europeanness, in which, however, until the end of the monarchy, Germany represented all of European though, from the end of the 1860s, nascent Czech foreign politics counted on the cooperation of France and Russia. Until the tragic post war division of Europe into East and West the old continent was connected with progressive values and traditions of which every Praguer was to be proud. Europe was considered a society of equal nations without regard to their size and Prague itself was considered the heart of Europe, actually an intermediary between West and East Europeanness. The fourth important pillar of Pragueness became the relation of the city to modernization; this pillar, however, was connected to the critics of national politics of the previous state.
6

MODERNISATION, REGIME AND THE HUNGARIAN REALITY (A modernizacio, a rendszervaltozas es a magyar valosag)

63%
Kulcsar K.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
|
2009
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vol. 27
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issue 4
375-400
EN
Setting out from F. Braudel's theoretical basis of breaking up history into planes the author puts the question what kind of a process is modernisation in Hungary in respect of duration. Before suggesting an answer at first he clarifies what the concept of modernisation mean and what are the indicators of modernity. Centre and periphery are the two most important factors in the process, and the development of the former one is significantly achieved to the detriment of the latter one. Belatedness means the emulation of external pattern in the periphery, particularly in the globalised world economy. There is, however, no mechanical and linear development and it is not possible to transform a society by imported ideas and institutions. Modernisation can only unfold on the basis of the conditions of the given country. Next the author surveys the process of Hungarian modernisation and states that the country has become one without authority in the first decade of the 21st century. Further on he studies how far the political system is capable of and willing to sense and manage the problems, conflicts and changes of society. He studies political structure and culture and its pre-modern elements in this context. He finds that the inadequate elements of the state organisation and of the party system hinder modernisation. Among others the party system also does not form a modern party structure. The parties move along a forced track in the grave economic situation, their social base is uncertain and they are burdened by 'isms'. The author deals with the rule of law, legal security and the behaviour of the authorities and people as well as legal operation in a separate passage. Based on the election and governmental practice of the past twenty years he finds that anomic social phenomena do not promote the process of modernisation. For the time being modes of the solution of the economic crisis and the completion of modernisation are still awaited or are uncertain.
7

MAHATMA GHANDI AND INDIA - AFTER SIXTY YEARS

63%
Gathy V.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2008
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vol. 25
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issue 1
83-105
EN
The paper surveys the life of M. K. Gandhi on the 60th anniversary of his death. His life was inseparable from the Indian independence movement; therefore the writing briefly dwells upon its most important events. The objectives of the great thinker have been only partially achieved in his country, so the paper also surveys the sixty years of the independent Indian Union. Finally, it concludes that India has been integrated into the globalising world, and did not follow the guiding principles of its great teacher, the significance of which, in turn are being increasingly recognised in India as well as in the world amidst the deteriorating environment threatening all the societies of the globe, which may halt unlimited and excessive consumption and may make sustainable economic development impossible.
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