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EN
National Identity in the Multi-Ethnic Society of MacedoniaThe review of the book: Tożsamość narodowa w społeczeństwie multietnicznym Macedonii, ed. by Irena Stawowy-Kawka and Maciej Kawka and published by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego in Cracow, 2008.
EN
This paper is devoted to the snap parliamentary elections in Macedonia, which took place on 27 April 2014. The main initiator of the early elections was the DUI, which represents the interests of the Albanian minority and was the junior coalition partner in the government led by Nikola Gruevski from the VMRO-DPMNE. The DUI’s activists did not want to advocate the candidacy of the incumbent head of state, Gjorge Ivanov, who was seeking re-election. After the elections the SDSM, the main rival of the ruling VMRO-DPMNE, has not recognised the result and refused to take up their parliamentary seats.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony analizie przedterminowych wyborów parlamentarnych w Macedonii, które odbyły się 27 kwietnia 2014 roku. Ich głównym inicjatorem była reprezentująca interesy mniejszości albańskiej DUI, która dotychczas pełniła rolę koalicjanta rządzącej VMRO-DPMNE premiera Nikoli Gruevskiego. Kością niezgody, która doprowadziła do przedterminowej elekcji, była odmowa poparcia przez działaczy DUI kandydatury wspieranego przez konserwatystów i ubiegającego się o reelekcję szefa państwa - Borde Ivanova. Mimo to po wyborach doszło do odnowienia dotychczas rządzącej koalicji. Natomiast główny rywal VMRO-DPMNE - SDSM nie uznała ich wyników i konsekwentnie od kilku miesięcy odmawia objęcia zdobytych mandatów.
Prace Etnograficzne
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2013
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vol. 41
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issue 3
135–143
EN
The text is dedicated to the reflections on the author’s own ethnographic field research in the rural areas of the Republic of Macedonia, which has been carried out since 2011 to specify the strategies which local inhabitants develop to manage their everyday reality and practices. The author discusses the factors which influence an ethnographic field research and presents the reflexivity and awareness of the research process. She also focuses on researcher’s personality and individual features, on how the locals accept a stranger in their private space. The several key moments are underlined like coming to the field and its impact on the further activity through the reflection if the field which precedes next steps, gaining the confidence and respect, difficulties that the researcher faces in communication etc. All these moments (and many others) should be considered as an inevitable part of the work.
EN
The text concerns the author’s project “Ethnography as a personal experience. Generational transformations in methodology and research practices”. It reveals a problematic, and partly unstable character of the strategy of constructing the identity of an anthropologist professional group. In the author’s opinion a Polish young anthropologist shows a disruption of knowledge transmission between generations as well as a discontinuity in the Polish ethnology tradition. As a result, there is a tendency in not only borrowing the theory and authority from the tradition of foreign national anthropologies, but also an uncritical transfer of discursive forms, authorizing national anthropology. In his opinion it is the most important question about contemporary shape of national anthropologies, especially Polish ethnology.
EN
The author of the article presents the image of the Macedonian transformation dynamics according to the analysis of selected reports published annually by influential international research institutes, organizations and opinion‑forming media, which evaluate the political, economic and social situation in various countries of the world in the 2000s. The paper introduces the preliminary results of a research project involving critical analysis of reports on the situation in Macedonia and particular public policies of the Republic, which are included in publicly available and are cited – by politicians, the media, public opinion – international reports, which use the indicators commonly applied in the world. The main areas of analysis are: the degree of the competitiveness, economic freedom and rule of law on the market and the state; the level of the democracy, political rights and civil liberties; the degree of the equality and welfare of the society and – finally – the status in the security area, i.e. the main indicators of the peace and stabilization of the Republic of Macedonia.
EN
Peter Chaulev (Ohrid, 1880 ‒ Milan, 1924), was one of the most important figures in the Macedonian liberation movement. We have followed his rolethrough historical events and processes that have marked the most turbulent period in Macedonian history, namely theperiod of the national-liberation and revival movements. As an activist of IMRO we met him as a teacher in the villages surrounding Orhis, where, from 1899, he also appeared as an organizer of the revolutionary committees in the region of Ohrid, Prespa and Florina. At the time of the Ilinden Uprising,he appeared as a voivode (governor) in the Ohrid area. During the Young Turk Revolution in 1908,he againreturned to his hometown of Ohrid, where he was arrested and jailedby the newly constituted authorities. However, he was released under the pressure of the residents. His revolutionary activity is significant also in relation to the cooperation with Albanian national activists, especially during the period of the Balkan wars. The result of this cooperation was also the so called Ohrid-Debar Uprising in September of 1913. Although, in the beginning of the Uprising, the Macedonian and Albanian chetas had significant successes, however,the supremacy of the Serbian army engaged in suppressing it, hadinflicted a major defeat on the rebels. After the suppression of the Uprising, Peter Chaulev took refuge at the territory of the Albanian state as to avoid the wrath of the Serbian authorities stationed in the border areas. Chaulev’sstay in Tirana and other Albanian cities enabled him to easily observe the day-to-day life of the population, their customs, but also the state of political turmoil in the country. He wrote and published his observations in the book titled Skipnia (Albania), in Constantinoplein 1924.
EN
For many years, the Balkans have been considered to be the primary area of interest of criminal groups that traffic in people, especially women and children. In Macedonia, this problem was revealed in the 1990s. However, initial efforts to reduce this phenomenon and combat it proved ineffective. This stemmed from the lack of a designated strategy and the narrow character of cooperation between individual institutions. The situation was unfavourable since human trafficking is an issue that requires an interdisciplinary approach and the collaboration of many bodies. This paper is an attempt to present and assess the institutional and legal system currently being established in the Republic of Macedonia in order to effectively combat the problem of trafficking in persons. First of all, the author will describe the existing legal framework and will also indicate the specialised institutions and procedures established in order to undertake coordinated institutional measures that address the problem of trafficking in persons.
EN
The Republic of Macedonia, especially at the turn of the the 20th century, is an excellent example of the ethnic manipulation phenomena which can be understood as a tendentious attempt of proving that a given area is inhabited by a large number of people belonging to a certain ethic group or nationality in order to justify one’s territorial demands. A number of such attempts was conducted in many different ways over the years. Nevertheless, the main idea of this work is to look for arguments found in history or rather to look on the tendentiously rewritten history, to be precise, which was supposed to suit current political programmes. Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians but also, in a lesser extent, Romanians, Turks, Albanians and Montenegrins tried to prove their rights to the Macedonian lands by propagating, among other things, national and political myths. Sometimes, the search for justification of the territorial demands in the freely interpreted history could be described as a grotesque process. People were willing to accept such implausible stories as a truth, because a myth is not something to discuss but rather something to believe in. One has to remember that in that time history was treated freely, as a set of stories that could be freely modified in accordance with actual needs. The scientific value and the act of reaching towards the truth was considerably less important than a skilful shaping of a given story. The intellectuals of Romanticism emphasised that history has a certain mission to fulfil, that is has to guard the national interest.
ECONOMICS
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2015
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vol. 3
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issue 2
19-26
EN
The aim of this paper is to show the distribution of net wages in the Republic of Macedonia and whether the great world economic crisis of 2008 has had an impact on the inequality in the distribution of wages. In this paper it is analyzed the level of inequality in the distribution of wages in Macedonia in 2008 as a year when the economic crisis started in the last quarter, in 2012 as the year in which GDP still has had a negative rate of economic growth and in 2014, when the economy maintained positive economic growth. In the three selected years the analysis is based on examination of the inequality in the distribution of the paid net wages. In the paper, the analysis of inequality in the distribution of net wages is based on determining the distribution of frequencies, constructing the Lorenz curve and the Gini index calculation. The results show that there is a quite expressed inequality in the distribution of net wages in Macedonia, whereas the estimated Gini index is 27.98 in 2008, 26.76 in 2012 and 25.88 in 2014. Thus, it should be kept in mind that the inequality in the distribution of total income is higher and in the analyzed period the Gini index is greater than 40. This points the fact that Macedonia has the highest inequality in the distribution of income compared to all EU member states and candidate countries for EU membership.
EN
The issue оf contemporary Macedonian state consolidation in the context of its aspiration to the European Union Since its establishment, the Republic of Macedonia has been facing the crisis of social and political system. This is connected with the complicated ethnic and religious relations, diffi­cult economic condition of the state and complex, international circumstances in the Balkans. The European Union makes the membership of Macedonia in its structures dependent on the implementation of solutions preventing the renewal of the armed conflict between the Mace­donian authorities and Albanian rebels in the year 2001. The reforms implemented on the basis of the Ohrid Framework Agreement (2001) are designed to provide the social and economic stability in the country, mainly through the cooperation between Macedonians and Albanians. The imbalance between the strengthening of the position of the Albanian national minority in the entirety of the state system and the progress in the establishment of the civil society raises the concern of the observers of the social and political life in Macedonia. The division of the society based on the ethnicity criterion is strengthened in Macedonia. The opportunity of the development of cooperation over the ethnic divisions is limited due to a strong role of nationalistic sentiments, insufficient legitimacy of framework agreement by the citizens and pathologies of social and political life (corruption, organized crime). It is likely that ethnic criteria that are the basis for currently implemented system changes in the Republic of Mace­donia shall dominate the pursuit to democratize the state as a whole. It will be a threat for the consolidation of the republic, since the particularistic tendencies may outweigh the peaceful cooperation for strengthening the unity of the state.
EN
Old Boundaries and New Cultural Landscapes of a Multiethnic City in Modern-day MacedoniaIn the context of Macedonian and Albanian ethnonational discourses functioning in Macedonia that constitute a significant component of the system of the city’s symbols and semantics, we come upon confrontational strategies between the Slavic and non-Slavic entities that function in the cultural area of Skopje. On the one hand, these confrontational strategies determine the polemic nature of urban space, understood as both material cultural space established on the basis of places of memory and cultural artefacts, and, on the other hand, they are a product of space as an area of activity of actors and social and political networks, often used to construct incoherent self-defining processes within the space defined by the influence of ethnocultural processes.Based on the two entities in this discourse, one Slavic and one non-Slavic (Macedonian and Albanian), a semantic model of the city, described as a “polemic city”, was created as an outcome of the empirical research performed. This model can also be used for analysing other cultural areas characterised by polycentric interethnic relations. A significant point of reference, a category that constitutes the key component of this analysis, is the transformative nature of the place as an area of stigmatisation by ethnic, cultural and political determinants and subjected to a game with the participation of social and political actors. Anthropological research distinguished semantic categories referring to the place and the contestation of place, all of which I have analysed, drawing special attention to the Slavic and non-Slavic entities in Macedonian and Albanian discourse in Macedonia. Stare granice i nowe krajobrazy kulturowe wieloetnicznego miasta we współczesnej MacedoniiW kontekście macedońskich i albańskich dyskursów etnonarodowych funkcjonujących w Północnej Macedonii, które stanowią znaczący element systemu symboli i semantyki miasta, natrafiamy na strategie konfrontacyjne między komponentami słowiańskimi i niesłowiańskimi, które funkcjonują w obszarze kulturalnym Skopje. Z jednej strony te strategie konfrontacyjne składają się na polemiczny charakter przestrzeni miejskiej, rozumianej zarówno jako materialna przestrzeń kulturowa ustalona na podstawie miejsc pamięci i artefaktów kulturowych, a z drugiej strony są produktem przestrzeni jako obszaru aktywności aktorów, sieci społecznych i politycznych, często wykorzystywanych do konstruowania niespójnych procesów autodefinicyjnych w przestrzeni zdominowanej przez procesy etnokulturowe.W oparciu o dwa komponenty: słowiański i niesłowiański (macedoński i albański) w analizowanym dyskursie powstał semantyczny model miasta, określony jako „miasto polemiczne”, w wyniku przeprowadzonych badań empirycznych. Model ten można również wykorzystać do analizy innych obszarów kulturowych charakteryzujących się policentrycznymi relacjami między etnicznymi. Istotnym punktem odniesienia, kategorią stanowiącą kluczowy element tej analizy, jest transformacyjny charakter miejsca jako obszaru stygmatyzacji przez uwarunkowania etniczne, kulturowe i polityczne oraz poddanego grze z udziałem aktorów społecznych i politycznych. W badaniach antropologicznych wyróżniono kategorie semantyczne odnoszące się do miejsca i kontestacji miejsca, które przeanalizowano, zwracając szczególną uwagę na komponenty słowiańskie i niesłowiańskie w dyskursie macedońskim i albańskim w Macedonii.
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Blaže Koneski Award, 2018

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Information about the Blaže Koneski Award of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, which was awarded this year to the editor-in-chief of Colloquia Humanistica, prof. Jolanta Sujecka. Informacja o uhonorowaniu prof. Jolanty Sujeckiej, Redaktor Naczelnej „Colloquia Humanistica”, Nagrodą im. Blaže Koneskiego przyznawaną przez Macedońską Akademię Nauk i Sztuk.
EN
Ottoman heritage in Macedonia: an advantage or a handicap?The ethno-centric study of the Ottoman past after the establishment of the national Christian countries on the Balkan, causes many negative stereotypes. Today the cultural and historical heritage from that period is still followed with the negative perception which ­affects the every-day life of the people living on the Balkan. The cause of this texts is through few examples of the Ottoman heritage in Republic of Macedonia, which is one of the most ­significant segments of the multiculturalism in this country, to show that for the Macedonian state the Ottoman heritage still represents a serious disability, which can not be absorbed and integrated in the contemporary Macedonian society.  Dziedzictwo osmańskie w Macedonii: korzyść czy utrudnienie? Etnocentryczne badania nad osmańską przeszłością i kształtowaniem się chrześcijańskich państw narodowych na Półwyspie Bałkańskim wskazują na istnienie wielu negatywnych stereotypów odnoszących się do tej przeszłości. Kulturowo-historyczne dziedzictwo czasów minionych także dzisiaj dowodzi ich oddziaływania. Towarzyszy temu negatywna percepcja i upolitycznienie, wpływając na życie codzienne Bałkanów.Na podstawie kilku przykładów z dziedziny kultury duchowo-materialnej i demografii w artykule ukazano osmańskie dziedzictwo w Republice Macedonii, gdzie wielokulturowość i wielowyznaniowość stanowią najistotniejsze elementy jej rzeczywistości. Dowodzą one, iż we współczesnym państwie macedońskim scheda przeszłości osmańskiej nadal stwarza poważne problemy, które uniemożliwiają pełne zintegrowanie współczesnego społeczeństwa macedońskiego.
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Introduction

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EN
IntroductionThe text presents the leading subject of the issue, and discusses the question of cultural dis-contiuity, with special interest to its Balkan context.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the politics of the Serbian Kingdom towards the newly created situation in Ottoman Macedonia, caused by the Young Turks Revolution in 1908. The activities of the Serbian Chetnik organization in Ottoman Macedonia were discontinued as a special Serbian political organization was established. The organisation was mostly interested in the following agenda: regulating the status of the so called “Serbian people” in the Ottoman Empire; regular use of the national name “Serb” instead of the general term “Rum”; expansion of the patriarchies privileges to the “Serbs” in Ottoman Macedonia.
EN
The aim of this study is to examine a wider list of factors (business structure, management structure and environmental factors), whose impact on the strategic planning in the private sector has been investigated. A total of 212 questionnaires were collected from different size, age, industry type and ownership enterprises working in the private sector in Republic of Macedonia. In order to analyze the variables that are determinants of the strategic planning, multiple linear regression was used. The business size, business control, intention to change the operations and business flexibility are very important factors in the enterprises that have a significant correlation with the strategic planning incidence. The importance of this study lays in its contribution to all past studies and research referring to this subject in transition and emerging countries, with emphasis on the case of the Republic of Macedonia as a transition economy, as well as in the examination of a wider list of factors whose impact on the strategic planning was examined.
PL
W niniejszym artykule wskazuję na trzy przyczyny rozwiązania macedońskiego parlamentu w 2011 roku: konflikt pomiędzy rządem a prywatnymi opozycyjnymi mediami, nieefektywność dotychczas prowadzonej polityki zagranicznej oraz trudną sytuację ekonomiczną. Na podstawie analizy wyników ostatnich wyborów stawiam tezę, iż kryzys polityczny Macedonii z lat 2008–2010 w żaden sposób nie zachwiał stabilnością tamtejszej sceny politycznej a przedterminowa elekcja ukazała jedynie, jak silnie zamrożony pozostaje macedoński system partyjny.
EN
In this article I point to the three reasons for a dissolution of the Macedonian parliament in 2011: the conflict between the government and opposition private media, the inefficient foreign policy and the difficult economic situation. Based on the analysis of the last election’s results I advance the thesis that the political crisis in Macedonia in the period 2008-2010 did not disturb the stability of the political scene and the early election showed how ‘frozen’ remains Macedonian party system.
EN
In the article I tried to select the most important issues and events related to the Albanian minority question in Macedonia. In the very beginning I explain the origin of the name Macedonia, the location of Macedonia and roughly summarize its way to independence in the 90's. Then I elucidate where the Albanian minority in Macedonia came from and why the conflict in Tetovo broke out. At the and I try to chronologically describe the events from 2001 that had impact on today's political situation in the state with special regard to the political crisis that lasted from 2014 to the implementation of the law guaranteeing Albanian as the second official language in Macedonia.
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The purpose of this article is to present the cultural values of Macedonia, especially the cultural heritage without forgetting the natural beauty of this country which is still poorly known and yet in many ways very appealing to travellers interested in cultural (and not only cultural) tourism. The organizational structure of the text which by its assumption is not to replace guides, is based on typology of tourism developed by Armin Mikos von Rohrscheidt. The analysis shows that Macedonia is a country which has powerful potential when it comes to cultural heritage. Those interested will find there captivating ancient monuments, impressive array of architectural objects and examples of medieval paintings as well as of Islamic art from the period of the Ottoman empire and many other items worthy of one’s attention. There are several towns that are worth visiting due to their complexes of monuments of a historical importance in an European or at least in the Balkan scale. At the top of the list are Ohrid and Skopje followed by such little treasures as Bitola, Trellis, Prilep and Strumica. Meriting attention and recommendation as tourist destinations are Macedonian villages where one can still observe various manifestations of the living folk culture. Numerous cultural values of the country are complemented by its rich and beautiful nature. The article includes proposition to spend a few days in the eastern part of Macedonia, in Strumica and its surroundings, as well as a plan for a nine days trip under the heading: The Trail of the Most Important Monasteries of Macedonia.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie walorów kulturowych czyli de facto najważniejszych przykładów dziedzictwa kulturowego i przyrodniczego Macedonii, wciąż słabo znanej, a bardzo pod wieloma względami atrakcyjnej destynacji dla turystów kulturowych (i nie tylko). Za strukturę organizacyjną tekstu, z założenia nie mającego zastępować przewodników, przyjęto typologię turystyki kulturowej opracowaną przez Armina Mikosa von Rohrscheidt. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że Macedonia jest krajem dysponującym potężnym potencjałem w zakresie dziedzictwa kulturowego. Zainteresowani znajdą tam interesujące zabytki antyczne, imponujący zespół obiektów architektonicznych i przykładów malarstwa średniowiecznego, ciekawe przykłady sztuki islamu czasów panowania tureckiego i inne. Warte uwagi jest kilka miast będących kompleksami zabytków ważnymi w skali europejskiej, a przynajmniej bałkańskiej. Na czoło listy miast wysuwają się Ochryda i Skopje, a uzupełniają ją Bitola, Kratowo, Prilep i Strumica. Godne uwagi jako cele wędrówek są także macedońskie wsie, w których wciąż można zaobserwować różnorodne przejawy żywej kultury ludowej. Liczne walory kulturowe kraju uzupełnia bogata i piękna przyroda. W artykule znalazły się: propozycja spędzenia kilku dni we wschodniej części Macedonii, w Strumicy i jej okolicach oraz projekt dziewięciodniowej podróży tematycznej „Szlakiem ważniejszych monastyrów Macedonii”.
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EN
The Republic of Macedonia has to a large extent adapted its legislation to EU requirements. In the framework of the High Level Accession Dialogue, the country continues further activities in that regard in order to meet the political and economic criteria of EU accession. Apart from respecting the Copenhagen criteria, Macedonia’s goodneighbourly relations with all the EU Member States have proved an important factor, hence the necessary strengthening of its regional cooperationand bilateral relations with Greece and Bulgaria.
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