Search results

1

Christofer Herrmann, „Der Hochmeisterpalast auf der Marienburg. Konzeption, Bau und Nutzung der modernen europäische Fürstenresidenz um 1400“, Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2019, 600 ss., 562+17 il.

100%

Jarzewicz J.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

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2019

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vol. 81

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issue 1

148-154

2

Zamek krzyżacki w Malborku (1997)

71%

HOCHLEITNER J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2017

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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

107-112

EN

Located in northern Poland, the castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork is a mighty Gothic brick fortress constructed from the 13th to the 15th century and consisting of three clearly distinct, yet integrally interconnected parts: the High, Middle, and Low Castles. Built for the Teutonic Knights, it was the seat of the Grand Master for almost two hundred years from 1309. Then, from the late 18th century, it was one of the Polish royal residences. Many of the construction techniques and solutions applied in the Malbork fortress were then used not only in the other castles of the Teutonic Order, but also in the broadly understood Gothic architecture of Central and Eastern Europe. The Malbork castle complex has been the object of conservation works from the 19th century to the present day. As such, it is a perfect example of the evolution of the modern theory and practice of conservation in its social dimension, as well as the scientific and artistic aspect. Criteria: (ii), (iii), (iv) Conservation work in the sacral area of Malbork Castle Understanding the history and architecture of the world’s largest Gothic brick castle can be difficult without a grasp of its religious heritage and the turbulent and eventful past of the surrounding land. Malbork castle was built in the Middle Ages by the military Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, known as the Teutonic Knights, which was invited by Prince Konrad I of Mazovia to undertake an evangelisation campaign in Prussia region. From the early 14th century, Malbork was the seat of the Grand Master of the Order. In the middle of the 15th century it was captured by the king of Poland and served as a Polish royal residence until 1772. After the collapse of the Polish state, at the end of the 18th century, Prussian authorities demolished some elements and rebuilt the castle numerous times, which significantly deformed its original architectural shape. However, in the early 19th century the fortress was declared a monument and subject to wide-ranging restoration works. The main originator of the general concept for the restoration and reconstruction of the castle at the turn of the 19th century was Conrad Steinbrecht. His reconstruction project was based wide-ranging archival studies and field research and went down to posterity as an important case of scientific conservation. In the early months of 1945 the castle – declared a German ‘fortress’ – became the scene of desperate fighting which turned it into ruins. Among the most severely damaged part were the tower and the castle church, together with the Chapel of St. Anne located directly below it. However, a relatively large number of elements of interior decoration and architectural details were preserved and a portal called the ‘Golden Gate’ survived unscathed. The Gate was not only an integral part of the architectural structure of the castle church but also a key element of its iconographic programme. In such a condition Malbork castle was again taken over by the Polish state. The socialist political system imposed in post-war Poland favoured a heated discussion regarding the future of the fortress, since the German politics of memory before the World War II had presented it as one of the foremost symbols of Germanic culture in this part of Europe. Therefore, at a time when the trauma of the occupation was still fresh among Poles, the fortress was perceived as a sinister symbol of German Nazism. During the early postwar years, there were even voices that postulated the complete demolition of the ruined castle. However, the first clearing and protective work in the castle had already started in 1945. Initially, it was spontaneous in nature and undertaken by Polish settlers, mostly active in the scouting and touring movements. The artefacts rescued from the ruined chapel and church were stored away and then included in various museum exhibitions. These activities largely contributed to the laying out of an extensive conservation programme aimed at repairing the war damage in the castle and restoring its former appearance. In scientific circles, the ruined church raised a number of discussion mostly related to its architectural form and ultimate function. It should be noted that the sacral area was actually the only part of the castle complex that survived almost intact in its original form until the end of the 19th century due to the fact that it had been regularly used as a place of Catholic worship. Thus Polish society’s universal commitment to the cause of saving the most damaged parts of the castle focused mostly on protecting the church together with the colossal statue of Our Lady that adorned the elevation of its presbytery. The first scheduled and systematic conservation works were carried out in the castle in 1957-1961. The implementation of further and more extensive works was only rendered possible thanks to a complex project comprising an arrangement plan on the sacral interiors that was finally implemented in 2014-2016. First, the destroyed outer part of the Church of the Most Holy Virgin Mary and the Chapel of St. Anne were reconstructed and covered with a high roof, while the interior received a ceiling of reinforced concrete. After these protective works were carried out, it was possible to arrange an exhibition inside the church presenting the state of preservation of the castle complex before, and after, its destruction during the warfare in 1945. Various concepts for the restoration of the church were considered during many years of discussions. The ideas fluctuated between maintaining the church interior in a state of ruin as a commemoration of the wartime plight of the castle and the suggestion of preparing a digital image reconstruction of its former shape with the help of laser and computer technologies. The establishment of the Mater Dei Foundation in 2007 provided valuable support for the idea of reconstruction of the sacral space of the castle. This non-profit organisation commenced activities aimed at reconstructing the above-mentioned statue of Our Lady. The definitive schedule of restoration works in this part of the castle originated in 2012 as a result of consultations with members of the Museum Board and Conservation Commission of Museum. The whole northern wing of the High Castle together with the neighbouring buildings – the Bell-Ringer’s Cabin and Priests’ Tower – were comprised within the scope of the scheduled conservation and construction works. The restoration of the historic architectural space in the form it had before 1945, as well as rendering the church interior accessible to visitors and arranging a new exhibition space, were indicated among the primary goals of the reconstruction. The last remaining questions for the originators of the restoration project were related to the church vaulting and the method of restoring the eight meter high mosaic statue of Our Lady in the outer niche of the church. Another – and equally important – issue was related to the church flooring, and particularly to the determination of its historic material. The earliest records from the 17th century indicate the floor was made of stone. This floor was, however, taken up by Steinbrecht in the 1880’s. Eventually, after the source of origin of that stone was determined, the decision was taken to restore the flooring in its original form. Currently, the interior of the High Castle church, which has been rendered accessible to visitors, presents the exposed or reconstructed elements dating back to different stages of its construction. For the sake of clarity, the post-war architectural reconstructions were plastered in order to contrast with the original Gothic elements. During the reconstruction of the vaulting, historical building techniques were used, which were reproduced thanks to the historic artefacts from the Malbork collection of architectural details. The last stage of the conservation works in the church included furnishings from the period when the temple belonged to the Society of Jesus (1666-1780); in addition, the crypt left by the Jesuits was also examined. Hereby, thanks to the efforts of Polish monuments conservation experts, visitors coming to the Malbork castle complex can get a much better grasp of its architecture and its history.

3

Z problematyki obrad sejmiku województwa malborskiego w XVIII stuleciu

71%

Achremczyk S.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2014

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issue 2(284)

181-210

EN

Malbork Voivodeship was in terms of area and population the smallest province of Royal Prussia. Nobility, the political nation, in Malbork Voivodship lived the fewest. Voivodship Assembly gathered in Sztumie and descents were not crowded. The deliberations focused on discussing relations with the Duchy of Prussia in particular, the Prussian neighbor grew in strength, took the territory of Elblag and undertook continual incursions into the region. Adel made decisions on taxes, defended indygenat and privileges of Prussian province, was interested in improving the navigability of the Vistula River in its lower reaches. Adopted resolutions on the functioning of the judiciary and the demands put forward reform and improve the functioning of the state assemblies. In fact, interested in all this that has happened in the region, the province and the Republic.

4

Czy Bernhard Schimd (1872-1947), ostatni niemiecki konserwator zamku malborskiego, był nazistą?

71%

Sieradzan W.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2014

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issue 2(284)

255-275

EN

In the article are the political views of the great German Bernhard Schmid conservator, architect and art historian, who were inextricably linked with the turbulent times in which he lived and worked. As a descendant of ancestors who came to Pomerania and Powiśle aer the partition of Poland, he considered these lands as purely German, for which Germany shed their blood for centuries. Until the year 1918 he was a member of the Conservative Party, and in the years 1918–1933 to Deutschnationale Partei. His was forced to adhere to the Nazi Party, which took place in 1937. Did not mean full acceptance of Hitler’s regime. On the basis of the denazifikation files and other sources, the author was able to come to the final conclusion that the methods of the Nazi party and the desire to build next to the castle of the Teutonic a training center for young talent NSDAP quarreled largely with his conservative-nationalist views, but even and Schmid underwent a certain degree of influence of Nazi power chauvinism. On the other hand, Bernhard Schmid is seen as an opponent of the Nazis destructive interference in the religious affairs of the church. Even as a non-party person was removed from the work of the diocesan synod and omitted in the election of representatives to the “Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenbundtag” as a result of the intrigues of Malbork members of the “Deutsche Christen”. Local Nazis considered him to be an old conservative, who was previously a member of the “Positive Union”, antiliberal mainstream, conservative, similar to a group called “Konfessionellen”.

5

„Ostrołęka bez Żydów” – kwestia żydowska w powiecie ostrołęckim po II wojnie światowej

71%

Mironczuk J.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2014

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issue 2(284)

277-294

EN

ork refers to the post-war fate of the Jews from the district Ostroleka, as well as to the property abandoned by them when ordered by the Nazi authorities forced evacuation in October 1939. Efforts were made to investigate both cases the individual returns of the 1944/1945 year. Survivors of the Holocaust, as well as answer to the question: What happened to the buildings of the Jews in the district of Ostroleka, especially where before the war there were circles - apart from Ostroleka, also in Goworowo and Myszyniec. Particularly interesting case involved Ostrołęka Street synagogue Sowia, which, as it turned out, survived and even for a certain period stood abandoned after the war, until it was demolished.

6

Ceramiczne fajki z badań archeologicznych na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku

63%

Dąbal J.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2018

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vol. Tom XXVII

s. 255-266

EN

Archaeological research carried out in Żuławy provides a lot of data on the relics of buildings and everyday life of the former inhabitants of these areas preserved in everyday objects obtained during excavations. The abundance and diversity of collections of movable sources largely exceeds the possibilities of formulating comprehensive scientific studies devoted to selected categories of artefacts. A special category of finds, of which we have very little data from the area of Żuławy, are items related to tobacco consumption. Excavation works carried out at the High Castle in Malbork in 2015 provided a small assemblage consisting of 81 fragments, an interesting research group of clay pipes constituting a material evidence of tobacco consumption in the city. Until now, sources of this category have not been published in the context of excavations carried out in Malbork. The small size of the assemblage and in all registered situations in the field, their secondary depositing in the backfill layers do not diminish the importance of the sources in the broader geographical context, i.e. their use in Malbork. The paper presents the acquired products, amongst them Dutch, English and Prussian pipes were identified, which chronology was determined from the 17th to the 18th century. The presented sources form the basis for preliminary remarks on the dispersion of sources and their chronology in the studied region.

PL

Badania archeologiczne prowadzone na Żuławach dostarczają licznych danych dotyczących odsłanianych reliktów zabudowy i życia codziennego dawnych mieszkańców tych terenów utrwalonego w przedmiotach codziennego użytku pozyskiwanych podczas wykopalisk. Liczebność i różnorodność zbiorów źródeł ruchomych w dużym stopniu przewyższa możliwości formułowania wyczerpujących opracowań naukowych poświęconych wybranym kategoriom przedmiotów. Szczególną kategorią znalezisk, o której z terenu Żuław posiadamy niewiele danych są przedmioty związane z konsumpcją tytoniu. Prace wykopaliskowe prowadzone na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku w 2015 roku dostarczyły niewielki liczący 81 fragmentów, interesujący badawczo zespół fajek ceramicznych stanowiący materialne świadectwo konsumpcji tytoniu w mieście. Do tej pory w kontekście prac wykopaliskowych prowadzonych w Malborku nie opublikowano źródeł tej kategorii. Niewielka liczebność zbioru i we wszystkich zarejestrowanych w terenie sytuacjach ich wtórne zdeponowanie w warstwach zasypiskowych nie umniejszają znaczenia źródeł w szerszym kontekście geograficznym, czyli użytkowania ich w Malborku. W artykule zaprezentowano pozyskane wyroby, wśród nich zidentyfikowano fajki niderlandzkie, angielskie i pruskie, których chronologię określono od XVII do XVIII wieku. Zaprezentowane źródła stanowią podstawę wstępnych uwag dotyczących dyspersji źródeł i ich chronologii w badanym regionie.

7

Działalność misyjna jezuitów rezydencji malborskiej w świetle wykazu konwertytów z lat 1662–1679

63%

Panfil R.

Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia

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2018

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vol. 10

EN

After the end of the Second Northern War t Malbork Jesuits were performing their Christian ministry in the area of the desolated Pomesanian diocese. The work was launched in extreme living conditions. They started they work immediately after ceasing military actions. The missionaries, preachers and operators were setting off for parishes which were abandoned during the war by secular clergy in Żuławy Malborskie (Werder), Prusy Górne (Oberland) and the borderlands with Lutheran Dutchy of Prussia. One of the major tasks of the Malbork Jesuits was recatholisation of diocese areas which was carried out by missionary work and religious convertions of the local dissidents (mainly Lutherans) to Catholicism. Thanks to the report entitled Series eorum Qui Societatis Jesu opera ab Anno Salutis 1662 ad 1678, Fidem Catholicam sunt amplexi in Polonia we can learn about their missionary work. The report was originally prepared for Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome. The source text is the subject of the analysis in this article.

PL

Po zakończeniu II wojny północnej (1656– 1660) jezuici rezydencji malborskiej pełnili posługę duszpasterską na obszarze spustoszonej diecezji pomezańskiej. Pracę rozpoczęli niezwłocznie po zakończeniu działań wojennych w ekstremalnych warunkach bytowych. Misjonarze, kaznodzieje i operariusze wyruszali do opuszczonych przez duchowieństwo świeckie parafii na Żuławach Malborskich i w Prusach Górnych oraz na pograniczu z luterańskimi Prusami Książęcymi. Jednym z głównych zadań jezuitów malborskich była rekatolizacja obszaru diecezji, której dokonywali poprzez pracę misyjną i konwersje na katolicyzm miejscowych innowierców, głównie luteran. Owoce pracy misyjnej jezuitów rezydencji malborskiej w latach 1662–1679 poznajemy dzięki tekstowi źródłowemu zatytułowanemu Series eorum Qui Societatis Jesu opera ab Anno Salutis 1662 ad 1678, Fidem Catholicam sunt amplexi in Polonia, który powstał w ramach sprawozdań Fructus Spiritualis przygotowywanych dla utworzonej w 1622 roku Kongregacji Propagandy Wiary w Rzymie. Jest on przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule.

8

O orientalnych motywach w architekturze zamku malborskiego, czyli powrót do dawnej hipotezy

63%

Jarzewicz J.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

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2023

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vol. 85

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issue 2

35-50

EN

The northern gate of the High Castle in Malbork, which is its main entrance, is decorated with arcades with ogee arches. Erected in the first phase of construction, it dates from around 1280. Malbork’s ogee arches are thus among the earliest to be found in Europe; in the Middle East, however, these forms had been known since the early Middle Ages. Considering that early Western European works featuring ogee arches carried symbolism related to the Orient or Jerusalem, it may be assumed that the fact that this form of a portal was used in Malbork may have had the nature of an ideological declaration. In this portal, the first seat of the Teutonic Order and its Holy Land origins were recalled in the language of architecture.

PL

Północna brama Zamku Wysokiego w Malborku, stanowiąca jego główne wejście, jest ozdobiona arkadkami o łukach w ośli grzbiet. Wzniesiona w pierwszej fazie budowy, pochodzi z około 1280 r. Malborskie ośle grzbiety są zatem jednymi z pierwszych na kontynencie europejskim, przy czym na Bliskim Wschodzie formy te były znane już we wczesnym średniowieczu. Ze względu na to, że obiekty wyposażone w łuki w ośli grzbiet w dziełach zachodnich kojarzą się z symboliką związaną z Orientem lub Jerozolimą, można sądzić, że zastosowanie tych form w portalu w Malborku ma charakter ideowej deklaracji. Za pośrednictwem języka architektury nawiązano do pierwszej siedziby zgromadzenia i pochodzenia zakonu wywodzącego się z Ziemi Świętej.

9

Promocja całościowego produktu turystycznego na przykładzie miasta Malborka

62%

Głowacka M.

Zarządzanie i Finanse

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2014

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vol. 2

87-104

PL

Marketing usług turystycznych stanowi odpowiedź na specyfikę rynku turystycznego, która determinuje stosowanie zintegrowanych oraz zaawansowanych działań promocyjnych. Miasto chcące zyskać przewagę konkurencyjną powinno w pierwszej kolejnosci skupią się na procesie kreacji produktu turystycznego. Z kolei zadaniem marki, będącej istotnym elementem produktu turystycznego, jest budowanie pozytywnego wizerunku miejsca w oczach konsumentów. Promocja wpływa nie tylko na aktywizację sprzedaży, lecz również na jej optymalizację w czasie. Rezultatem jest wydłużenie sezonu turystycznego oraz maksymalizacja zysku.Wpromocję regionu zaangażowane są podmioty zarówno z sektora publicznego, jak i prywatnego. Intencją autorki było podkrślenie roli promocji w procesie budowy produktu turystycznego Malborka, który uległ dynamicznym przemianom dzięki działaniom instytucji Malbork Welcome Center. Dopasowanie komunikatów promocyjnych do specyfiki segmentu docelowego sprawiło, że miasto cieszy siê rosnącym zainteresowaniem ze strony turystów. Ewaluacja działań podejmowanych przez MWC wykazała, że obecne działania promocyjne mają wybitnie pozytywny wpływ na funkcjonowanie miasta.

10

Zabezpieczenie zachodniego skrzydła Zamku Średniego w Malborku

62%

Mierzwiński M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1994

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issue 2

123-137

EN

Salvaging the western wing of the Middle Castle in Malbork, threatened with damage, was one of the most significant tasks facing the Malbork Museum from the time it opened in 1961. The matter at stake concerned the most valuable fragment of the fortress on the Nogat river, containing i. a. the Great Refectory — a spacious and vaulted hall from the mid-fourteenth century and one of the largest and most beautiful interiors of medieval Europe. The article recalls attempts to protect the endangered wing as well as its realization conducted in accordance with the conception proposed by dr. Tomasz Najder (a graduate of the Gdańsk Polytechnic) from the Swedish firm STABILATOR AB. The authors of the technical documentation were: prof. Henryk Stille and dr. Sture Eresund form the SKANSKA TEKNIK AB design office in Stockholm who co-worked with dr. Zenon Duda from the Mining-Metallurgical Academy in Cracow who is the technical consultant of the Castle Museum. The conception presumed supporting the walls of the western wing on a number of special micropoles inserted some 12 meters deep into the soil. In the opinion of numerous experts dealing with the protection of monuments, this particular task was the most difficult conservation problem in Poland during the recent past. Today, when measurements show a stabilization of the historical walls of the western wing, we can say with satisfaction that after 130 years i. e. from the first conscious attempt at halting devastation, it has been possible to salvage this magnificent monument of the architecture of the past.

11

Mistrz Jan – architekt Pałacu Wielkich Mistrzów na zamku malborskim. "Oeuvre" i oryginalny styl wybitnego mistrza budowlanego działającego między 1375 a 1406 r.

62%

Herrmann C.

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

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2023

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issue 26

61-85

EN

On the basis of historical sources and stylistic construction comparative studies, the following hypothetical statements can be formulated about the biography of Master John. He was born around or before 1350 and probably trained as a stonemason in Bohemia. About 1374 he was probably appointed by bishop Henry (of the diocese of Ösel Wiek in Livonia) to build the residence in Arensburg, where there can be found numerous stylistic and conceptual parallels to the Grand Master’s Palace. After the capture and later murder of the bishop in 1380, in which the Teutonic Order was involved, Master John moved to Malbork Castle, where he was commissioned by Winrich von Kniprode to build the new Grand Master’s Palace. He supervised this building process until its completion (the painting of the interiors in 1397) and, at the same time, designed the town hall of Malbork. Also the secondary residence of the Grand Master in Sztum could have been a creation of Master John. From 1398 to 1406 Master John was the architect of the Teutonic Order’s castle in Bytów. With his unconventional architectural creations in the field of castle building, Master John occupied an outstanding position within the Central European “Reduction Gothic”. His was an independent and highly creative artistic personality, able to go beyond existing traditions and find new individual ways of doing things. Master John can thus be put on a par with other exceptional architects of his time (Peter Parler, Ulrich von Ensingen, Hans von Burghausen, and Madern Gerthener).

12

Kaplica św. Anny na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku : zarys dziejów rekonstrukcji na przełomie XIX i XX w.

54%

Rząd R.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1994

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issue 2

185-196

EN

The St. Anne Chapel was built during the enlargement of the High Castle in 1334-1344. From the moment of its erection it was treated as the burial site of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights Order — eleven highest monastic dignitaries were buried here. From 1457 it probably no longer fulfilled religious functions and as a result was slowly forgotten. In the 1895-1912 period conservation of the chapel was conducted under the supervision of Konrad Steinbrecht, an architect. In accordance with his conceptions, the interior was re-Gothicised and turned into a mausoleum commemorating the men buried there. This purpose was served by numerous decorations i. a. coats of arms hung on the walls, a polychromy depicting homage made to the Virgin and Child by monastic dignitaries who fell on the battlefield of Grunwald, and stained glass windows with motifs portraying the good deeds of the knights-monks. The restored object witnessed many ceremonies: in 1901 wreaths were placed on the tombs of the Grand Masters upon the anniversay of the Battle of Grunwald and thirteen years later the funeral of Konrad Steinbrecht took place here. During the inter-war period, the chapel was one of the most attractive parts of the castle. The neo-Gothic decorations, discussed in this article, introduced into the interior an air of solemnity and reflections on the past history of the Order. At the end of the second world war they were seriously damaged. At the moment, construction work (the plastering of the vaults) is almost completed. After indispensable conservation of the remnants of the medieval and nineteenth-century decorations, the interior will be open to visitors. Once again, it has an opportunity to become one of the most interesting displays in the castle.

13

Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

54%

Broda M.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 76

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issue 3

7-36

EN

European rulers from the late Middle Ages frequently used the service of medical doctors from outside the borders of their countries. So did the holders of the supreme offices in the Teutonic Order. The preserved source material confirms the presence of physicians from outside Prussia in Grand Masters’ closest circle in Malbork in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries. The first foreign doctor appearing in written records, magister Frugerius, is the first physician in the Teutonic State in Prussia whose existence was confirmed by the source material. He is also the first personal medical doctor of the Grand Master in Malbork appearing in the records. He came from the diocese of Parma in Italy. However, the overwhelming majority of foreign doctors from the closest circle of the Teutonic superiors came from the Holy Roman Empire, such as Konrad von Leithen, Johann von Rode, Johann Rogge, Jacob Schillingholtz, and probably Anton Müttel. One of the physicians recorded in the sources, Meyen, came from the Kingdom of Poland. He was of Jewish origin, so his identity in Prussia was different also in terms of ethnic origin and religion. Nevertheless, the preserved sources do not allow us to define the origin of all the physicians appearing in the records from that period. Johann Craft, physician to Paul von Rusdorf, might have come to the Teutonic State in Prussia from Wrocław, but it cannot be explicitly proved that it was his family town. At the beginning of the 15th century there were two doctors attempting to obtain the position of Konrad von Jungingen’s personal physician – a Johann Theodorus from India and an anonymous doctor the Teutonic prosecutor in Rome tried to bring to Malbork from the Council of Constance. It is hard to state where the latter came from. Bormienes, an Armenian physician, was another foreign doctor to Grand Teutonic Masters, but he seems to exist only in historiography as his presence in the Teutonic State in Prussia was not confirmed by the source material from the period.

14

Evangelisches Leben in und um Marienburg/Malbork bis 1772

51%

Zacharias R.

Gdański Rocznik Ewangelicki

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2013

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vol. 7

178-194

EN

This work is an outline of the history of evangelical centers at the mouth of the Vistula River in the years 1526-1772, because the central point of reference is the church St. George in Malbork (German: Marienburg). Based on historical sources it shows the impact of the faith on the life of the Evangelical Church. Shows the tension arising between the living forms of the Reformed religion and the old Catholic Church. New Lutheran understanding of faith were reflected in the way of life, manifesting itself in children's education, pastoral care and overall spiritual climate. Protestantism on the banks of Vistula and Nogat rivers assisted in everyday life, giving the power as well, to overcome the sometimes harsh living conditions.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł omawia historię ośrodków ewangelickich u ujścia Wisły w latach 1526-1772, dlatego centralny punkt odniesienia stanowi kościół św. Jerzego w Malborku. Na podstawie źródeł historycznych ukazano wpływ zasad wiary ewangelickiej na życie kościelne. Przedstawiono napięcia powstające między żywymi formami religijności reformacyjnej i starym Kościołem Katolickim. Nowości ewangelickiego rozumienia wiary znajdowały odzwierciedlenie w sposobie życia, przejawiającym się w edukacji dzieci, duszpasterstwie i ogólnym klimacie duchowym. Protestantyzm nad Wisłą i Nogatem służył pomocą w codziennym życiu, dając moc do przezwyciężenia niekiedy trudnych warunków bytowych.

15

Kult Najświętszej Marii Panny w mieście Malbork w średniowieczu

51%

DŁugokęcki W.

Studia Elbląskie

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2023

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vol. 24

19-29

EN

The origins and development of the Marian cult in medieval Malbork were not only linked to the Teutonic Order and its Malbork main house, but also to the city. It was probably originally called the city of Saint Mary (civitas Santae Mariae, German: Marienstadt), but this name was eventually replaced by that of the castle (civitas castri Santae Mariae). The parish church also originally bore a Marian invocation, attested in 1416, and the co-patron was most probably St John the Evangelist (1669). A very important element of the Malbork Marian cult was the chapel at the Carriage Gate, also later known as St Mary’s Gate, first mentioned in 1443 and endowed in 1448 by Grand Master Konrad von Erlichshausen. The patronage of this chapel was transferred to the city (1448). The genesis of this foundation is probably linked to an event described in a letter from Malbork craftsmen and suburban residents to the Grand Master dated 24 December 1443. According to the letter’s authors, prayers and petitions addressed to God through the intermediary of the Blessed Virgin Mary saved the suburb, and above all the city itself, from destruction by fire. However, the source records available today do not make it possible to establish whether there was a Marian chapel in the southern suburb of Malbork earlier.

PL

Powstanie i rozwój kultu maryjnego w średniowiecznym Malborku związane były nie tylko z zakonem krzyżackim i jego malborskim domem głównym, ale też z miastem. Zapewne pierwotnie nazywało się ono miastem Świętej Marii (civitas Santae Mariae, niem. Marienstadt), ale ostatecznie nazwa ta została zastąpiona przez nazwę zamku (civitas castri Santae Mariae). Także kościół parafialny nosił pierwotnie wezwanie maryjne, poświadczone w 1416 r., a współpatronem był najprawdopodobniej św. Jan Ewangelista (1669). Bardzo ważnym elementem malborskiego kultu maryjnego była kaplica na Bramie Przewozowej, zwanej też później Bramą Mariacką, wzmiankowana po raz pierwszy w 1443 r., a uposażona w 1448 r. przez wielkiego mistrza Konrada von Erlichshausena. Patronat nad tą kaplicą został przekazany miastu (1448). Geneza tej fundacji wiąże się najpewniej z wydarzeniem opisanym w liście rzemieślników malborskich i mieszkańców przedmieścia z dnia 24 grudnia 1443 r., skierowanym do wielkiego mistrza. W opinii autorów listu modlitwy i prośby kierowane do Boga za pośrednictwem Najświętszej Marii Panny uratowały bowiem przedmieście, a przede wszystkim samo miasto, od zniszczenia przez pożar. Natomiast dostępne dzisiaj wzmianki źródłowe nie pozwalają na ustalenie, czy wcześniej na południowym przedmieściu Malborka znajdowała się kaplica maryjna.

16

Biblioteka Jakuba Bliwernitza (1667–1731), burmistrza Malborka

51%

Imańska I.

|

2013

|

vol. 6

|

issue 2(11)

9-30

PL

Żyjący na przełomie wieków XVII i XVIII Jakub Bliwernitz należał do grona dobrze wykształconej elity Malborka. Kilkakrotnie był burmistrzem miasta. Studiował prawo i interesował się historią regionu. Dał się poznać także jako właściciel sporego, bo liczącego około 2 tysięcy tytułów, księgozbioru. Po jego śmierci biblioteka została sprzedana na publicznej aukcji, zorganizowanej w Malborku od 16 lipca 1732 r. Wydrukowany na tę okazję katalog aukcyjny umożliwia zapoznanie się z zawartością biblioteki, która charakterem zbiorów i wielkością nie odbiegała od bibliotek prywatnych gromadzonych w tym samym czasie przez urzędników miejskich większych miast prowincji, takich jak Toruń i Elbląg. W bibliotece Bliwernitza dominowały książki z zakresu prawa i polityki oraz historii, uzupełnione o literaturę religijną, książki z czasów szkolnych i podstawowe dzieła z innych dziedzin wiedzy. Księgozbiór służył burmistrzowi przede wszystkim w wykonywaniu jego obowiązków zawodowych i realizowaniu zainteresowań historycznych.

EN

Living at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, James Bliwernitz was among the well-educated elite of Malbork. He was appointed the mayor of the city several times. He studied law and was interested in the history of the region. He is also known as the owner of a sizeable book collection of about 2,000 items. After his death the collection was sold at a public auction held in Malbork on 16 July 1732. A printed auction catalog presents the contents of his library, with its character and size not very different from other private libraries of the time owned by city officials of the major provincial cities such as Torun and Elblag. The Bliwernitz collection was dominated by books on law, politics and history, supplemented with religious literature, handbooks and basic works in other fields. The mayor used the books primarily to carry out his professional duties as well as to implement his historical interests.

17

Iluminacje zespołów zabytkowych w Gdańsku, Malborku i Gniewie. O konieczności tworzenia kompleksowych programów iluminacji

45%

Hryszkiewicz-Kahlau D.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2009

|

issue 3

25-39

EN

Tilt“ undertakings pursued by specialists - electrical engineers relating to the illumination of historical architecture are increasingly often stirring a lively discussion involving not merely conservators. Lighting designers, historians, architects and town planners are also voicing their opinions about suitable illumination. The need to devise complex illumination plans for historical town, residential, defensive, and sacral complexes, historical fragments of the suburbs and, more recently, historical parks, gardens and other premises within their landscape and town-planning context is univocally expressed by all environments engaged in the protection of cultural property. Poland may benefit from foreign examples - France, Belgium, the Netherlands or Germany boast complex so-called master plans of illuminations. Our experiences in this particular domain are extremely humble, and the existing illumination projects are usually sketches formulated rather intuitively by local experts. As a rule, Polish illuminations are (Livoid of interdisciplinary studies and are seemingly “spontaneous’, or so it would appear upon the basis of a closer examination of the nighttime views of several cities. The reflections presented in this article are based on examples from Pomerania: the historical City centre of Gdansk, Malbork Castle and the castle in Gniew.

18

Nauka czytania świata

45%

STOKOWSKI M.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2017

|

issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

165-168

EN

We learn to read throughout our lives. Our learning how to put together letters written on paper when we are children is just the beginning of a process in which we keep refining our skill of reading various texts of nature and of culture. In Western culture, the most helpful tools for learning to read the world of nature and man are the instruments developed by our ancient forbears, namely universities, libraries, and museums. The meanings of their notions have been redefined over the centuries, but they still remain – in one form or another – the key tools of public education. In recent decades, we have acquired another instrument which can be used for in-depth reading of the world, namely the constellation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The World Heritage List has become a peculiar reading list for civilised man. By analogy to literary canons, which have been created for centuries, the international community has been highlighting the unique value of selected items of cultural and natural heritage for several decades now. Thus they have been creating a canon of ‘cultural and natural texts’ thanks to which we can explore the history and character of our planet, as well as the history of our own species – Homo sapiens. * Malbork Castle entered the ‘world canon of reading’ in 1997. The castle is one of the finest examples of Gothic brick architecture in Europe. It is also a testimony to pioneering restoration achievements at the turn of the 20th century, as well as to the huge effort and artistry of the Polish restorers who raised the “highest mountain of bricks north of the Alps” from ruins after World War II. Most importantly, however, it is a narrative about the dramatic history of Western Christianity. An attentive reader of its walls will be able to find here questions about the spiritual and material foundations of European civilisation, and thus, also questions about war and peace, savagery and culture, power and service, richness and poverty, body and soul. The secret text inscribed in the bricks is multilayered and difficult to read; therefore one of the most crucial missions for the host of this historic building is to help visitors to understand the language of the walls as thoroughly as possible. Since 1961, The Malbork Castle Museum has been the host. It communicates the key messages of the fortress on the Nogat River through exhibitions, the narration passed on by its guides, internet applications, and the information materials available on the institution’s website, as well as books and scientific conferences. These and the other educational activities delivered in the castle and in the media may be likened to ‘making the place more legible,’ bringing out its meanings. However, in addition to making the reading easier for visitors, there is also a need for educational work, such as to offer audiences help in refining their own ‘wall reading’ skills. The Malbork Castle Museum has been pursuing such programmes, especially for children and youth, for a long time. * As in most other European museums, the educational activities in the Malbork Castle are conducted by a specialised Education Department, whose personnel mainly work with children. The activities comprise thematic classes aimed at promoting intellectual and creative interest among the participants. This is delivered by using theatre and singing techniques, as well as historical clothing and props. Experience gained during work with smaller groups of school pupils led to the creation of the Route of the Castle Mysteries, which has been available to a very wide public since 2015, and is addressed to groups of school children, as well as kids accompanied by parents. Instead of the traditional visiting formula, the Castle Museum proposes a twohour historical game. Its participants form teams of knights. Under the care of a qualified guide addressed as the Route Master, each team travels a castle trail, solving a sequence of tasks. Many of them are practical in nature, and require the participants, for example, to discover hidden items, put together replicas of the capitals of columns, or make an architectural structure with their own bodies. Each task solved is rewarded with a letter. At the end of the game, the successive letters put together form a password by means of which children can open a treasure of mysteries. Naturally, young people who participate in the castle game acquire a great deal of information about the fortress on the Nogat, the Teutonic Order, the Kingdom of Poland, and the culture of the Middle Ages. What is equally important, however, is that during the adventure children come to realise the importance of a careful examination of reality, linking facts together, searching for solutions, and drawing their own conclusions. * The Malbork Castle Museum has another tool helpful in teaching young visitors to read the walls on their own, namely the Young Circle of Friends of the Castle. It has been active for more than three decades and works with secondary school students grouped by age. The training sessions, which are free of charge, are attended exclusively by individual volunteers and not school classes, with the weekly sessions of each group lasting approximately ninety minutes. The Museum treats the activity as a public service. During the first 6-month period, the classes focus on the history of the Teutonic Order, while in the second, those attending explore the entire complex of castle buildings. In the season which follows, they mainly deal with topics related to Malbork after 1466. Young people learn about the Polish garrison of the castle, as well as construction techniques, writing, religious life, hygiene, and medicine in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The focus of the third season is on reading old and contemporary poetic texts, which is intended to be a bridge to the reading of the substance of the castle. During this exercise young people become aware that the fortress is, in fact, a grand, multi-layered book on Western civilisation. The Club’s classes are not based on the written word, image and exploration of the castle alone. They also involve historical games and workshops. Other activities include field trips around the Malbork area, which are helpful in understanding the geographical, natural and economic context of the castle. Some of these activities are organised in collaboration with educators and youth from other countries. * The members of the team of educators teach children and youth how to read the medieval walls not only to pass on knowledge about Malbork. They work in the hope that thanks to reading the medieval buildings, young people will find it easier to read many other ‘texts of culture and nature’ on their own, both in Poland and worldwide. This is done as an expression of the conviction that reading schoolbooks is not enough to become a responsible heiress to the heritage of our civilisation and a rational inhabitant of the Earth. Indeed, we need also read stones and bricks, musical instruments and vehicles, the lines of roads and channels, the layout of buildings, towns and gardens, human gestures, the colour of leaves, the silence of the forest, the power of canyons, the blessed presence of animals and oceans. Without this skill we are losing our chance of living a conscious life full of delight – after all this is the only life we have on this, the third planet from the Sun.

19

Symboliczne znaczenie ornamentów źródeł ruchomych z wybranych zamków zakonnych. Przyczynek do dalszych badań nad religijnością krzyżacką w średniowiecznych Prusach

45%

Szczupak D.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2022

|

vol. 87

|

issue 4

69-96

EN

Medieval religiosity was manifested primarily through the worship of relics and individual saints, organisation of prayers, funding the purchase of candles, reading pious literature, and belief in miracles and epiphany. The knowledge on the subject has been provided through the studies of various medieval written sources and decorative elements in the representation rooms of Teutonic castles, which have survived to this day. Historical materials discovered during archaeological research, and renovation and maintenance works constitute equally important sources for exploring the issue of religiosity among the members of the Teutonic Order. Previously, they had not been analysed in this regard, which prompted the author of the article to put this topic under consideration, based on the example of selected discoveries made in several castles in the area of the former State of Teutonic Order in Prussia. Both the form and ornamentation of the archaeological materials may have referred to the piousness of Teutonic Knights, as indicated by the symbolic significance of the images in question, which are accepted by Christianity. Most depictions were found on the surface of architectural details from church interiors or refectories in high castles. The ornaments on their surfaces made references primarily to the figures of Mary and Christ, as well as to the apostles and parables from the Gospel of St. Matthew. At times, they may also have acted as reminders against the evil that threatened the souls of the brethren.

20

Malbork w świetle źródeł w spuściźnie po prof. Karolu Górskim przechowywanej w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu

45%

Sieradzan W.

|

2016

|

vol. 9

|

issue 1(16)

39-55

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie wartości historycznej udostępnionej ostatnio w zbiorach specjalnych Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu spuścizny wybitnego toruńskiego historyka prof. dr hab. Karola Górskiego. W wymienionej bibliotece znajduje się liczna korespondencja Profesora, która pozwala poznać osoby, z którymi się on kontaktował w sprawach zamku malborskiego w okresie po II wojnie światowej. Ponadto są tam też pisma urzędowe, kopie listów wychodzących oraz maszynopisy tekstów dotyczących Malborka. Autor wykorzystując część tych materiałów próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jaką rolę odgrywał Malbork w życiu i badaniach tego mediewisty? Interesuje go również wykorzystanie przez niego książek i rękopisów z zamku malborskiego, które po II wojnie światowej trafiły do Torunia.

EN

In recently shared special collection of Karol Górski’s legacy in University Library in Toruń, there are previously unknown sources, which illustrate the place of city Marlbork, especially teutonic knights castle in research and life of this most outstanding Toruń’s medievist. This sources shows the standpoint of Karol Górski about post-war problems of teutonic castle and most of all the details of polemic of Toruń professor with german science about the matter of assessment of so-called polish period in wielding the castle (1466–1772). In University Library are many correspondence of Karol Górski which allows to know the persons with whom Karol Górski contacted in matter of Marlbork castle after the II world war. Besides there are also official documents, copies of outgoing letters and typescripts of texts that concerns Malbork. This documents shed the new light on books and manuscripts that was gathered after II world war from Malbork.

Refine search results

Christofer Herrmann, „Der Hochmeisterpalast auf der Marienburg. Konzeption, Bau und Nutzung der modernen europäische Fürstenresidenz um 1400“, Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2019, 600 ss., 562+17 il.

Zamek krzyżacki w Malborku (1997)

Z problematyki obrad sejmiku województwa malborskiego w XVIII stuleciu

Czy Bernhard Schimd (1872-1947), ostatni niemiecki konserwator zamku malborskiego, był nazistą?

„Ostrołęka bez Żydów” – kwestia żydowska w powiecie ostrołęckim po II wojnie światowej

Ceramiczne fajki z badań archeologicznych na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku

Działalność misyjna jezuitów rezydencji malborskiej w świetle wykazu konwertytów z lat 1662–1679

O orientalnych motywach w architekturze zamku malborskiego, czyli powrót do dawnej hipotezy

Promocja całościowego produktu turystycznego na przykładzie miasta Malborka

Zabezpieczenie zachodniego skrzydła Zamku Średniego w Malborku

Mistrz Jan – architekt Pałacu Wielkich Mistrzów na zamku malborskim. "Oeuvre" i oryginalny styl wybitnego mistrza budowlanego działającego między 1375 a 1406 r.

Kaplica św. Anny na Zamku Wysokim w Malborku : zarys dziejów rekonstrukcji na przełomie XIX i XX w.

Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

Evangelisches Leben in und um Marienburg/Malbork bis 1772

Kult Najświętszej Marii Panny w mieście Malbork w średniowieczu

Biblioteka Jakuba Bliwernitza (1667–1731), burmistrza Malborka

Iluminacje zespołów zabytkowych w Gdańsku, Malborku i Gniewie. O konieczności tworzenia kompleksowych programów iluminacji

Nauka czytania świata

Symboliczne znaczenie ornamentów źródeł ruchomych z wybranych zamków zakonnych. Przyczynek do dalszych badań nad religijnością krzyżacką w średniowiecznych Prusach

Malbork w świetle źródeł w spuściźnie po prof. Karolu Górskim przechowywanej w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej w Toruniu