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EN
Lithuanian and Masurian members of the Fellowship Movement (gromadkarze) were described by their contemporaries as extremely pious, honest, humble, righteous or obedient. They were strangers to all worldly joys, which they themselves called “fairy tales”, “sins” or “ugly things”, and those things associated with them, amongst others singing (with the exclusion, of course, of religious songs), dance, music and other pagan remnants. There are no direct sources that would clearly outline the attitude of the members of the Fellowship Movement movement to folklore and people, and the materials touching this sphere of their lives collected by strangers are very scare and mainly concern folk songs. This article focuses on the issue of the presence of superstitions in the lives of people and tries to determine whether the public disapproval of superstitious beliefs reflected their real views, or whether it served only as a veil behind which they hid their real faces. This information was taken from folkloristic collections, archival materials of scientific expeditions and fiction, documenting life primarily in Lithuania Minor and from the last witnesses of the activities of Lithuanian members of the Fellowship Movement. Information gathered at different times and places is convergent: the piety of the members of the Fellowship Movement, mainly peasants, was based on a strong foundation of Christian faith entwined with paganism, which could not be completely eradicated, and without which their faith would not be as strong. The article was created within the framework of the research project “Modernybės ir tradicijos sampyna: surinkimininkų judėjimas Mažojoje Lietuvoje” (“A Plexus of Modernity and Tradition: The Fellowship Movement in Lithuania Minor”) financed by the Lithuanian Scientific Council (Lietuvos mokslo taryba), Contract No. S–MOD–17– 10.
PL
Autor artykułu analizuje kilka faz badań socjologicznych prowadzonych przez socjologów na Warmii i Mazurach w minionym 70-leciu. W latach 1948 – 1949 były to badania terenowe zespołu prof. Stanisława Ossowskiego, koncentrujące się na poczuciu świadomości narodowej wśród ludności autochtonicznej. Druga faza badań socjologicznych na Warmii i Mazurach przypada na lata po Polskim Październiku aż do utworzenia w roku 1961 Ośrodka Badań Naukowych im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie, który zatrudnił profesjonalnych socjologów. W wyniku ich prac w latach 1961 – 1989 powstało wiele wartościowych monografii poświęconych tworzeniu się nowych więzi społecznych na Warmii i Mazurach, a wśród nich szczególne miejsce zajmują prace Andrzeja Saksona z Instytutu Zachodniego w Poznaniu. Ostatnia faza badań to okres od roku 1989, po zmianie ustrojowej w Polsce, do chwili obecnej. Ze środków Fundacji Volkswagena zrealizowano w latach 1996 – 2000 wspólny polsko-niemiecki projekt badawczy oparty na badaniach terenowych pt. „Społeczna konstrukcja ojczyzny na Mazurach”. Dzięki inicjatywie prof. Roberta Traby powrócono w latach 2005 – 2007 do badań, które prowadził zespół prof. Ossowskiego i opublikowano kilka tomów ukazujących złożoność problematyki pogranicza kulturowego polsko-niemieckiego tak wyraźnie zarysowanego na Warmii i Mazurach. Artykuł metodologiczny prof. Adama Sosnowskiego, na który powołuje się autor niniejszego artykułu, może być drogowskazem dla prowadzenia badań nad społecznością wielokulturową zwłaszcza na Warmii i Mazurach.
EN
The author investigates distinct periods of sociological research carried out in the Warmian an Mazurian district within the past seven decades. The first step, field studies implemented by a research team under prof Stanisław Ossowski (1948/49) focussed on the ethnic consciousness/ identity among the local autochthonous population. The second phase of sociological research in the Warmian and Mazurian region encompasses the years after the Polish October, otherwise known as the Polish thaw, to the foundation of the Wojciech Kętrzyński Centre for Scientific Research, which contracted professionnal sociologists. Their work yielded many significant monographs dedicated to the development of new social bonds in the Warmian and Mazurian region. A key position among these works take the publications of Andrzej Sakson from the Western Institute in Poznań. The final phase was initiated by the political changes in 1989 and lasts to the present day. Backed up by financial means of the Volkswagenstiftung the joint Polish-German field study „Social construction of Heimat In Mazuria” could be implemented in the years between 1996–2000. Motivated by the initiative of Prof. Traba the work of Prof. Ossowski and his research team was resumed in the years 2007–2009 and several scientific volumes that show the complexity of Polish-German cultural issues which are so apparent in a border region like Mazuria could be submitted to the public. Prof. Adam Sosnowski’s scientific publication which constitutes the primary source of this paper can be considered a signpost for future scientific research on multicultural societies, particularly in the Warmian and Mazurian region.
EN
In the article, the author explains the course of events after incorporating Olsztynek into the Polish People’s Republic after the Second World War. Makowski’s main areas of focus are the changes observed in religious and social spheres as well as the implementation of a new, communist government in lands previously inhabited by Germans. The author’s sources are the National Archive in Olsztyn, the Warmia Archdiocese Archive along with chronicles, witness accounts, and studies in both Polish and German. Makowski points out the changes that took place in Olsztynek after the Second World War. The article providesa clear and deep analysis of this short yet critical event in the history of Olsztynek.
PL
Artykuł opowiada o wydarzeniach, do których doszło po włączeniu Olsztynka do Polski Ludowej po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Tekst skupia się przede wszystkim na opisie przemian społeczno-religijnych, które były efektem całkowitej zmiany struktury ludności oraz wprowadzenia władz komunistycznych na poniemieckich terenach. Podstawę źródłową stanowią materiały znajdujące się w Archiwum Państwowym w Olsztynie oraz Archiwum Archidiecezji Warmińskiej, kroniki, relacje świadków oraz opracowania polsko- i niemieckojęzyczne. Tekst dowodzi, jak powojenne realia nieodwracalnie zmieniły charakter miasta. Stanowi wnikliwe usystematyzowanie informacji o tym krótkim, lecz przełomowym okresie w dziejach Olsztynka.
EN
Warmia and Masuria are one of the most diversified culture and ethnical regions in the 20th century – to 1945 they found in the German state, and after the II world war within the limits of the polish state. The author presents ethnic relations on the religion background in the first half of the 20th century. There was the half-century particularly important for the ethnic relations in East Prussia. On the relations have impacted important historical events. To understand where the melting pot in the areas came from and how looked like the ethnic relations on the religion background before and after the II world war, first of all the author showed a brief history this areas and brought closer at that time existing the social relations. Besides he explained what is difference between Masurians and Warmiaks, what is the Protestantism Masurians and Catholicism Warmiaks and how looked like the polish movement in Warmia and Masuria at the turn of 19th and 20th century. The author especially focused on presentation this ethnic relations and relations evangelical church and catholic church on the ethnic background in East Prussia before II world war and in the period after war.
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