The global financial crisis 2008+ and the euro area crisis highlighted how fragile the institutional set-up of today’s world is. Moreover, these crises reminded us that questions of international collaboration and multilateralism as well as questions of security, in all its dimensions, remain as valid as ever. Taking these observations as a point of departure, this paper asks the question of how these twin-crises and their implications influenced the ENP and its effi cacy. To this end, an integrated two-pronged approach to the study of the ENP is employed to gain a more comprehensive insight into the ENP, its evolution and the impact it can actually exert on the EU’s neighbourhood.
The study gives an analysis of impact of Karl Marx and Max Weber and their classic theories on the development of the social historiography. Marx and Weber not only stood with their theoretical works behind the foundation of modern social sciences but generated homogenous concepts of historical development. Marxsist concepts of socioeconomic formations and class struggle are usually interpreted in sharp contrast to Weberian theories of rationalization and types of domination (Herrschaft). Certainly one can agree that up to the present day both systems are of extreme explicative potential. The opinion which of these systems adequately describes social reality of historical periods and the dynamics of historical change became during the 20th century the distinctive mark of individual research approaches in social history. Marx’s and Weber’s work unquestionablyinfluenced the classics of modern social history, from British Marxists associated with the journal Past and Present and History Workshop, following the founders of Bielefeld school to the post-modern trends of microhistory, historical anthropology and so-called linguistic turn. The main contribution of this study is therefore the reflection of those impacts that up to the present day ultimately determine the debates on the key term of the social history — the character of the “Social”.
This paper aims to implement key concepts (naturalized epistemology, principle of charity), which have been developed as a part of the philosophy of language (D. Davidson, W. V. O. Quine), into the methodology of cultural anthropology based on interpretative approach research regarding social actors / examining body. The first part will be focused on explanation of thought experiments radical interpretation in a frame of analytic philosophy of language discussion. The purpose of a second part will be to deal with transfer of previously discussed knowledge into the methodology of cultural anthropology. Using the examples from ethnographical research, the violation of the principle of charity will be demonstrated as well as negative consequences of flawed methodological approach in interpretation of verbal and conative behavior of social actors.
In responding to Glăveanu’s critical views on the psychology of creativity, this commentary summarizes seminal work that has been carried out on creativity since 1950s. It underscores the value of the systems approach and discusses key methodological issues related to this approach, including creativity assessment, the necessity for multi-level analyses, the bandwidth-fidelity-dilemma, the challenge of operationalizing creativity for empirical studies and the lack of communication across disciplines. It calls for more external support, cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration and the establishment of a more open, tolerant and creativity-conducive environment to encourage and unleash creativity in creativity research from creativity researchers.
In this article the body of psychological views, general‑scientificand special‑scientificmethods are given, with the maindiscussion containing the objective analysis of the problem researched — professional deformation of the officers of the bodiesof internal affairs of Ukraine — being systemized and fully analyzed. Law enforcement institutions undertake a certainnumber of constitutional functions and are part of the mechanism of state administration. Their detachment from this systemand adoption of quasi‑preferentialfunctions is not an appropriate position to hold in a modern, democratically governed state:all social transformations should affect them at the same pace and with the same intensity as the rest of the state institutions.The development of the individual’s personal background, along with the issues of diagnosis of this phenomenon makesthe question of prevention in the police departments so important. The main hypothesis of our study is the possibility of preventingor correcting deformations in the professional activity of police personnel. Thus, prevention and countering professionaldeformation is a necessary component of the police system’s modernization. It needs to improve the entire system of factors thatare impact on the employees during their service. And the integrative basis of these procedures should be a humanistic approachto law enforcement officials as professionals.
The development of leisure as an economic activity has come into focus over the last century. Nowadays, a commercial leisure property has gained an important role within the total spectrum of world economies. Despite these developments in the leisure sector, the valuation of property for the purpose of commercial leisure is still regarded as an Achilles' heel. The accepted approach to the property valuation in UK is to perform an open market valuation for the existing use. However, for the specialized properties including leisure assets, the distinctive valuation methodology has to be applied. This paper outlines the principles of methodology that are commonly used for the valuation of leisure property in the UK, Lithuania and other countries. Factors affecting the valuation process with respect to the property development and investment decision are discussed. The study is accompanied with examples of valuation method applications and analyses of individual case studies of golf course valuation.
LT
Per pastarąjį šimtmetį laisvalaikio vystymas tapo reikšminga ekonomikos veiklos sritis. Šiuo metu laisvalaikio verslo nekilnojamasis turtas vaidina svarbų vaidmenį pasaulio šalių ūkinėjė veikloje. Nepaisant laisvalaikio sektoriaus išsivystymo, nekilnojamojo turto vertinimas laisvalaikio verslo srityje vis dar yra silpnas. JK priimtas nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo būdas pagrįstas atviros rinkos vertinimu pagal turto paskirtį. Tačiau specializuotam nekilnojamajam turtui, taip pat ir laisvalaikio, išskirtinis vertinimo metodas turi būti taikomas. Šiame straipsnyje apibūdinami principai, kurie taikomi laisvalaikio nekilnojamojo turto vertinimui JK, Lietuvoje ir kitose šalyse. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami veiksniai, kurie daro įtaką vertinimo procesui, kai nekilnojamasis turtas vertinamas vystymo ar investavimo tikslais. Tyrime pateikti golfo aikštynų vertinimo metodų ir analizės pavyzdžiai
Elizabeth Anscombe places an emphasis on the importance of philosophical psychology and "depth grammar". Her philosophy rediscovers the basic predispositions for a Christian vision of the human act. Human beings are the cause of their intentional acts, which is why it makes sense to speak about sin. We cannot, however, have a deeper knowledge of sin but in the light of Christian Revelation. Philosophy is supposed to be compatible with this Revelation and help for its understanding needs to be supported by an adequate renewal of methodology in which disciplines such as grammar, psychology or the philosophy of nature are interconnected.
The study of ethnicity is an exceptionally controversial subject in current archaeologicalinvestigations. This issue has also frequently appeared in polish prehistoric literaturefrom the very beginning of archaeology till the present. The problem is that archaeologyin Poland is still under strong influence from a conservative, culture-historical paradigm.This methodological approach leads to the desire to make simple connections betweenmaterial remains, discovered by archaeologists, with specific categories of ethnicity. If weadd to this various efforts to use archaeology in the legitimation of modern ethnic andnational claims, we can imagine how complicated these sorts of studies can become.The main aim of this paper is to show the history of investigations set to define theethnic character of the people who inhabited polish lands in prehistory. The author willfocus especially on the area of East Pomerania during the Late Bronze Age and Early IronAge due to the live discussions among scholars concerning the ethnic origin of societiesfrom that area. At the end of this article a new perspective in research into ethnicity will beoutlined with special attention to the need for an interdisciplinary approach to this topic.
Security studies are formally functioning for less than five years but have a strong methodological basis, presented shortly in this paper. This include several well-known and broadly-recognized ways of providing the research process, including scientific methods used in social sciences. Author briefly analyses a set of them, showing their advantages and disadvantages and the way they should be used during the whole research process. The need for multidisciplinary studies, including the use of several research tool and techniques, is also stressed.
Taking as a starting point the construction of the conceptual framework of gender produced by the Brazilian authors Benedito Medrado and Jorge Lyra, the present article brings as a central focus the discussion on the creation of strategies, principles and methodological horizons for the insertion of masculinities in the scene. Developing the issue of the need for a welcoming of masculinities in the scenic activity beyond a simple opportune thematic interest for the construction of performances and plays, the authors propose the creation of clues/principles that can be developed so that masculinities enter the scene under a perspective of political and careful awareness of gender issues that goes beyond a dichotomous and binary model of power relations, resulting from a universalizing stereotyping of being a man and being a woman. The authors also include in their observation the creation of an expanded artistic territory where the work does not close in on itself and includes artistic proposals linked to intersectional factors (such as race, class, age, sexuality and coloniality) that constitute the relations of gender consider the vast and complex production of multiple masculinity models.
The objective of the paper is to reveal the methodology used to examine the tax gap and calculate the tax gap for all EU states over 2011-2014. The paper draws on the review of reference literature addressing the tax gap in the context of tax avoidance and tax evasion. The paper features the GDP size across countries so as to demonstrate the overall level of the shadow economy compared to the aggregate tax burden. Finally, for the first time, the calculations of the tax gap for all EU states over 2011-2014 were displayed.
In this article, we will analyze how we built the research process of a collaborative ethnography with the Stop Evictions Granada 15M Movement (SEG15M). We will begin with a brief contextualization of the housing issues in Spain and the SEG15M movement to explain why we started the co-research experience with the movement. Next, we will clarify the composition, function, and main purposes of the ‘debate groups’ in our research, as well as their particular differences and dynamics concerning other qualitative techniques. Finally, we will focus on two main aspects, participation and communication, which emerged within the debates and later materialized into a transmedia project and the development of a radio soap opera. The latter is a product, and a process, of collaborative work that bridges communication and participation at the intra- and inter-group levels. It is a fictional story that emerges from the common lived experiences of the groups.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie metodologii dotychczas przeprowadzonych badań procesu internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw e-commerce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych, których efektem jest procesowy opis internacjonalizacji firm e-commerce. W wyniku krytycznej analizy literatury stwierdzono dominację metod jakościowych w badaniach nad internacjonalizacją firm e-commerce, a także brak „procesowego” charakteru opisu internacjonalizacji tych firm. Wnioskuje się, że punktem wyjścia w metodologii badań procesu internacjonalizacji firm e-commerce powinno być określenie „pozycji” filozoficznej badacza, determinującej wybór określonych metod badawczych, których zastosowanie powinno skutkować „procesowym” charakterem opisu internacjonalizacji, uwzględniającym prócz zjawisk dez- i re-internacjonalizacji niespotykany wcześniej aspekt produktu cyfrowego.
EN
The objective of this article is to present research methodologies applied to the research related to the internationalisation of e-commerce enterprises with a particular stress on the research resulting in the process description of the internationalisation of e-commerce firms. As a result of the critical analysis of the literature, qualitative methods were found to prevail in the research of the internationalisation of e-commerce firms along with the lack of the “processual” description of the internationalisation of such firms. The antipositivist ontology seems to be the best approach to research on internationalization process of e-commerce firms and is visible in interpretive perspective in methodology of already conducted research. Additionally, the previously unencountered aspect of the digital product may be significant for the progress of internationalisation process of ecommerce enterprises, and its role should be included and described in the process’ description.
The goal of this paper is to seek answers to the questions: how projects are implemented at Universities and how they should be implemented? The paper analyses project management methodologies adopted in the Polish Universities in the context of university specific rules and laws. Lessons learned from project implemented at these Universities were gathered and then recommendations for effective project management at universities were formulated.
W związku z rolą jaką przykładamy do analizy społeczności lokalnych w tworzeniu projektu zmian ustrojowych na poziomie państwa i narodu w artykule zwraca się uwagę na konieczność uwzględnienia trzech najważniejszych kontekstów teoretycznych jakie stanowić mogą źródło socjologicznej interpretacji danych gromadzonych w badaniach na poziomie lokalnym. Pierwsza z perspektyw jest ramą podmiotową, druga ramą ograniczonych utopii, natomiast trzecia ramą społecznych emocji. We wszystkich wymienionych perspektywach teoretycznych Autorka eksponuje konieczność traktowania społeczności lokalnej jako jednostki z jednej strony charakteryzującej się specyficznymi cechami, a z drugiej jako elementu szerszego układu społecznego w skład którego wchodzi. W artykule podkreśla się konieczność łączenia analiz lokalnych prowadzonych w polskiej socjologii z bardziej ogólnymi teoriami transformacji społeczeństwa polskiego. Za szczególnie przydatną w tym względzie uznaje autorka koncepcję krytycznej socjologii transformacji A. Rycharda.
EN
In relation to the meaning attributed to local communities analysis in creation of the plan of systemic changes at the level of the state and the nation, the authoress calls attention to three crucial theoretical contexts which may be a source of sociological interpretation of data collected in the local level research. The first perspective is the subjective framework, the second - the framework of limited utopias and the third - social emotions framework. In all theoretical perspectives mentioned the authoress exposes the necessity of local community as an entity characterized by specific features on the one hand and as an element of wider social system that is national (state) and European societies, on the other. She perceives the necessity of combining local analyses conducted within the Polish sociology with more general theories of transformation of the Polish society. A. Rychard's conception of critical sociology of transformation is claimed to be particularly useful to that purpose.
This article addresses philosophical discourses (ontology and epistemology), framing researchers’ position on topical issues relating to sustainable development, particularly in relation to Sierra Leone. The country is a nation full of memories; that which has brought lasting pain in the minds of people and the use of philosophical concepts has helped to throw light on areas pertaining to the country’s scope for achieving its SDGs, while at the same time, engaging with the reality of issues through open discourses. Relevant methodologies have also been addressed with the hope of bringing to the fore ontological discourses required to foster epistemic dialogue for the sustained development of the country as a whole (more so in areas like health calamities and civil crisis the country have battled itself with in the past decade). Relevant recommended points have been proposed as a way of supporting forward thinking discourses in ensuring the country is able to progress well with its planned SDGs targets.
Dynamiczny rozwój sportu na skutek komercjalizacji i profesjonalizacji spowodował wzrost znaczenia ekonomicznego dla gospodarek państw Unii Europejskiej. W efekcie koniecznym stało się stworzenie nowych narzędzi analizy i pomiaru tego fenomenu. Z inicjatywy Komisji Europejskiej opracowano definicję sportu oraz metodologię sporządzania rachunku satelitarnego sportu. Do prac nad znaczeniem sportu przystąpiło kilka państw, wśród nich Polska. Ich wyniki były następujące. Łączny popyt na dobra i usługi sportu w Polsce wynosił 32,1 mld zł, co stanowiło 2,26% PKB w 2010 r. Zatrudnienie w sporcie wynosiło 294,3 tys. osób, co stanowiło 2,09% ogółu zatrudnionych. Wartość dodana sportu wynosiła 23,1 mld zł.
EN
The dynamic development of the sport caused by commercialization and professionalization has led to its increased importance for economies of the countries of the European Union. For more accurate description and analysis of this phenomenon it became necessary to create a new measurement tools. On the initiative of the European Commission the definition of sport was developed. A group of Austrian researchers has developed a methodology for the preparation of a Sport Satellite Account. To work on the importance of the sport several countries joined, also Poland. The results were as follows. Total demand for goods and services of sports in Poland amounted to 32.1 bln PLN, which accounted for 2.26 % of GDP (2010). Employment in sport amounted to 294.3 thousand people, which accounted for 2.09 % of total employment in Poland. The added value of sport in Poland was 23.1 bln PLN.
CEL/TEZA: Celem badań, których wyniki przedstawione są w artykule było zidentyfikowanie sposobów rozwiązywania istotnych dylematów w projektowaniu badań z zakresu indywidualnego zarządzania informacją. KONCEPCJA/METODY BADAŃ: Przyjęto perspektywę jakościową, a badaniami objęto publikacje udostępniane w zasobach Web of Science Core Collection: Citation Indexes (wyszukane 21 sierpnia 2015 roku), które w tytule zawierały termin personal information management i omawiały badania empiryczne różnych aspektów tej problematyki. Dążono do rozpoznania sześciu elementów: ogólnego celu badań, ujęcia w czasie, środowiska badań, rodzaju danych i sposobu ich interpretacji, zastosowanych technik i sposobu doboru uczestników badań. WYNIKI I WNIOSKI: Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje na dużą różnorodność rozwiązań czerpanych z różnych perspektyw metateoretycznych. Wyniki jawniają kluczowe rozstrzygnięcia metodologiczne podejmowane w badaniach indywidualnego zarządzania informacją. ORYGINALNOŚĆ/WARTOŚĆ POZNAWCZA: Wyniki mogą być pomocne w projektowaniu tego typu badań oraz jako punkt wyjścia do pogłębionych rozważań nad ich metodologią.
EN
PURPOSE/THESIS: The aim of the research the results of which are presented in this article was to identify the ways of solving essential dilemmas in the development of research in the field of personal information management (PIM). APPROACH/RESEARCH METHODS: The author applied a qualitative approach. The analysis involved publications available in Web of Science Core Collection: Citation Indexes (retrieved on August 21, 2015) the titles of which contained the term personal information management and were a discussion of any empirical studies on PIM. The main objective was to identify six elements: general research goals, time coverage, research circumstances, types of data gathered and the ways of their interpretation, research techniques applied and the ways of participant selection for such studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The analysis shows a broad variety of solutions derived from different metatheoretical perspectives and reveals key methodological decisions made to design PIM studies. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The results of this research may help to develop future research and inspire an in-depth discussion on various methodological aspects of PIM research.
Thesis/Objective – The aim of the article was to analyze the presence and use of ethnographic research methods in the field of library studies. The author studied the use of observation, field work and diary panels in the projects concerning the library employees, users and services. Method – In order to reach the conclusions the author used her own research on the use of afore-mentioned methods in the literature of the field. The analysis was based on the collection of 4832 abstracts from 13 field journals (11 foreign and 2 Polish ones) published in the years 2010 to 2015. The article contains the results of the research on the use of ethnographic methods. Quantitative analyses have been enhanced with the review of selected ways of applying those methods in the scholarly literature. Results – The results of the research show that the ethnographic methods are used in library studies to a limited extent. In foreign literature they are used quite rarely and in Polish literature – very occasionally. Conclusions – The application of the discussed methods in researching the issues where the declarative methods appear to be insufficient suggests that the use of ethnographic nethods in library studies has a significant potential.
PL
Teza/cel – Celem artykułu było podjęcie próby przeanalizowania obecności i wykorzystania etnograficznych metod badawczych w bibliotekoznawstwie. W związku z tym przeprowadzono analizy w zakresie stosowania obserwacji, badań terenowych oraz badań dzienniczkowych w projektach poświęconych pracownikom, użytkownikom i usługom bibliotek. Metoda – We wnioskowaniu wykorzystano wyniki badań własnych autorki, która przeprowadziła obszerne badanie w zakresie wykorzystania poszczególnych metod badawczych w piśmiennictwie naukowym. Analizy te zostały przeprowadzone w oparciu o zbiór 4832 abstraktów artykułów z 13 czasopism dziedzinowych (11 zagranicznych i 2 polskich najważniejszych tytułów), z lat 2010-2015. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki dotyczące wykorzystania metod etnograficznych. Analizy ilościowe wzbogacono przeglądem wybranych sposobów stosowania przedmiotowych metod w piśmiennictwie naukowym. Wyniki – W wyniku badania stwierdzono, że metody etnograficzne są w ograniczony sposób stosowane w bibliotekoznawstwie. W literaturze zagranicznej ich występowanie jest rzadkie, zaś w polskiej – incydentalne. Wnioski – Jednocześnie zaprezentowane różnorodne sposoby wykorzystania tych metod w badaniu zagadnień, w których metody deklaratywne są niewystarczające, pozwala sądzić, że potencjał zastosowania metod etnograficznych w badaniach bibliotekoznawczych jest znaczący.
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