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EN
The compartment in A Change of Heart is a secular space. However, the Sacred will gradually invade it through hallucinations of the narrator. Thus an unexpected and fantastic struggle led by the Pope, priests, cardinals, prophets and sibyls against Leon Delmont will cause a change of his initial decision, motivating and justifying the novel’s title.
EN
20th century philosopher Gaston Bachelard considers the combination of two elements of nature as a metaphorical “marriage,” with all its symbolic and religious meaning, including fidelity and prohibition of adultery. Water and fire, united in a moment of alchemical inspiration, form an archetypal couple of great creators, which participate in cosmogonic myths. Bachelard imagines any elemental union in the aquatic categories, which results from his theory where water is the main component of each association due to its properties of universal solvent, and the other three elements — fire, air and earth — represent only secondary components. However, some contemporary writers like Michel Butor offer a completely opposite conception, according to which the elements of nature do not respect the binary rule of the “marriage” and form triple or even quadruple unions. These monstrous mixtures described in his novel L’Emploi du temps give, indeed, a destructive effect and tend to doom the world. What would become of the notion of “oneiric fidelity,” postulated by Bachelard, in the sacrilegious universe of Butor’s novel, filled with accursed amalgamates of multiple elements?
EN
The Dysphoric Vision of Michel Butor: the City of L’Emploi du temps as Locus Terribilis From biblical sinful cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to modern ones like the nightmarish Prague of Kafka, the melancholic Bruges of Rodenbach or the cursed Bleston of Butor, the evil urban areas have fascinated novelists of all ages. In L’Emploi du temps, Michel Butor presents a haunting and disturbing vision of an imaginary English town, personified and considered the second main character in Butor’s novel. In order to torture its inhabitants, Bleston controls the four elements of nature and reduces them to their negative aspect of dreadful, devastating forces, which challenges the positive imagery of the air, water, earth and fire created by 20th-century philosopher Gaston Bachelard. A hostile and malicious city inspired by Manchester, Bleston seems to sum up all the fears and misfortunes of the real world metropolises in their hostile and unlivable aspect.
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