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The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in 2004 – 2006

100%
Sitlivy V., Sobczyk K., Koumouzelis M., Karkanas P.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2009
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vol. 1
377-395
EN
This paper presents the preliminary examination of Middle Palaeolithic levels of the Cave 1 in Klissoura. The site is located in Argolid, at Prosymna (NE Peloponnese). Geological data and C14 dates allow to put the Middle Palaeolithic of Klissoura in the middle stages of the last Ice Age between 40 and 62 thousand BP.
2
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The Middle Palaeolithic artefact from the Dąbrowa Tarnowska 37 site

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Stefański D., Chwałek S., Czerniak R.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2018
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vol. LIII
3
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How far did they go? Exotic stone raw materials occurrence at the Middle Palaeolithic sites. Case studies of sites from Western Carpathian Mts.

88%
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2018
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vol. LIII
4
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The oldest Middle Palaeolithic finds in the northern foothills of the Carpathians

88%
Cyrek K.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2013-2014
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vol. 5-6
25-34
EN
The north-eastern Carpathian foothills is an upland area interspersed with valleys. The largest number of Middle Palaeolithic sites are situated on the Lesser Polish Upland and the Podolian Upland. The Polish Jura is characterised by a typically Jurassic landscape marked by large relief variations, dry valleys and a number of outcrops of Upper Jurassic rocky limestone with numerous caves. Podolia, on the other hand, is an upland territory with a dense network of wide and deep river valleys cutting into thick layers of loess. An important element of this landscape is the range of hills made up of neogene limestone (Towtry) with poorly preserved karst forms. In this article, the oldest phases of the Middle Palaeolithic have been compared on the example of two benchmark sites of a multi-phase character: the Biśnik Cave (BC) and Velykyi Glybochok. They are both located in a similar favourable geographical position. Lower sections of chrono-cultural sequences from both sites have been presented and compared with the chronostratigraphy of the Korolevo site in Transcarpathian Ukraine. The oldest occupation phases in the Biśnik Cave have been preserved in the complex of the following layers: 19a – d, and 19. The oldest of those (layers 19 b – d), dated to over 500 ka, were re-deposited within the area of the cave. They are characterised by the proto-Levallois technique, the occurrence of side-scrapers, denticulate-notched tools and inserts of composite tools. A well-developed Levallois method, the La Quina method, side-scrapers and denticulate-notched tools are the features of the assemblage from layer 19a, discovered in the primary context and dated to OIS 7. From the same phase comes layer III in VG. It is characterised by the presence of the Levallois method, discoid method, the La Quina method, side-scrapers, denticulate-notched tools and Mousterian points. In Korolewo, the Levallois method is accompanied by bifacial technique in the form of Middle Palaeolithic points, there are also side-scrapers and denticulate tools. Both in VG (III B) and BC (layers 18 and 15) the bifacial technique does not appear before OIS6. The above observations allow us to regard the Carpathian region as an independent centre of the initial Levallois method of lithic raw material processing, regardless of Western Europe. The analysed assemblages, along with several others from southern Germany, may be traces of the oldest phase of the Mousterian culture of the Acheulean tradition in Central-Eastern Europe, distinguished by the co-occurrence of the Levallois and bifacial methods.
5
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Neandertalczyk i człowiek anatomicznie współczesny w ujęciu najnowszych źródeł archeologicznych i paleoantropologicznych

87%
Dec O.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2018
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vol. 23
49-60
EN
The article summarises recent discoveries regarding Neandertals and anatomically modern humans (AMH), and tries to examine currently leading trends in the fields of archaeology and palaeoanthropology. Collected evidence suggests that modern research focuses mostly on discussions on the origin of symbolism, cultural and cognitive capacities, and analyses of ancient DNA. Although archaeology and palaeoanthropology undoubtedly provide the highest number of sources, other sciences such as cognitive neuroscience also deliver new, equally valuable perspectives and information.
6
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Magdalenian figurine from Obłazowa Cave

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Valde-Nowak P., Kraszewska A., Cieśla M.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2017
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vol. LII
7
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Rhinoceros exploitation at Érd (Hungary). What a place for the megaherbivores in the Neanderthal diet in Hungary?

75%
Daschek É. J.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2021
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vol. LVI
13-66
EN
The Hungarian Transdanubian site of Érd, where a Mousterian industry and abundant osteological material were discovered in the early 1960s is well known to prehistorians. The remains of megaherbivores (Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis) are re-examined here under the taphonomic and archaeozoological components in order to complete the Hungarian and European s.l. data and reassess the potential exploitation of these two pachyderms in the Neanderthal diet and economy. The cut marks, the intense activity of carnivores/hyenas and the skeletal profiles indicate a mixed origin of the carcasses. Mortality patterns of rhinoceros are characterized by the presence of young, subadult and adults, and suggest multiple acquisition by active scavenging and/or hunting with quick access. Skeletal profiles suggest a selective transport of rich/nutritive elements by humans to the site. The cut marks and fracturing of some elements (in situ butchery treatment) confirm that Neanderthals consumed these species on site and that they had at least partial primary access. The mode of acquisition seems active with rapid access for a young mammoth. Érd confirms the Neanderthal exploitation of rhinos and mammoths in their steppic environment during the Middle Palaeolithic. Érd is currently the only Hungarian Middle Palaeolithic site with a proven exploitation and consumption of these megaherbivores.
8
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Nouvelle interprétation des occupations néanderthaliennes de la grotte Subalyuk (Hongrie du Nord)

75%
Mester Z., Patou-Mathis M.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2016
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vol. LI
7-46
EN
Due to its rich lithic, osseous and human remains, Subalyuk Cave is the most important Middle Palaeolithic site of Hungary. The results of the excavation in 1932, directed by J. Dancza and O. Kadić, were published in a monograph. Since then, this is the first archaeozoological study of the bone assemblage, which provides palaeontological, palaeoecological, biochronological, taphonomic and palaeo-ethnographic data complemented with the analysis of lithics. Based on the original documentations, the provenience of osseous and lithic finds was reconstructed. The materials were studied according to layers. The occupations of each layer was interpreted in its chronologic, climatic and environmental framework. This allowed us to formulate a new interpretation for the animal and human occupations at Subalyuk Cave. The lower layers (c1 to c6) are dated from the Eemian to the Early Weichselian Glaciation. The upper layers (c7 to c14) are deposited during the Lower Pleniglacial and the Early Interpleniglacial. Along this sequence, carnivores used the cave for denning or refuge (wolves in c1 to c3, hyaenas in c7 to c14, and cave bears in c3 to c14). Neanderthals of Typical Mousterian (c1 to c7) and Quina type Mousterian (c8 to c14) used also the cave for seasonal camping (c3), as a hunting station (c8 to c11, c14) and evidences of ephemeral visits were also found by our analyses (c1, c4 to c7, c12, c13). The taphonomical study of the human remains in layer 11 revealed that the two individuals had been deposited in different times and in different condtions. The child most probably was properly buried into the sediment, but the skeleton of the adult was decomposed on the cave floor during the formation of layer 11.
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The age of the oldest Paleolithic assemblages from Biśnik Cave (southern Poland) in the light of geological data

75%
Krajcarz M. T., Cyrek K.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2011
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vol. 59
55-74
EN
Biśnik Cave is a multi-layer site, which contains one of the oldest Paleolithic settlement levels in Poland. The character of the oldest inventory from the cave is depicted by the domination of the Levallois technique for obtaining flakes and blades. The tools included: forms with one side preparation technique connected with different types of side scrapers and small side scrapers, denticulate and notch forms. Bifacial artifacts are absent. Because of a small number of the inventory, we can only conclude that it is a typological collection of artifacts characteristic of the Mousterian tradition, broadly speaking. The oldest assemblages were found in Layers 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d. Sedimentological analysis show that the whole of Layers 19b-19c-19d should be treated as a deluvial sediment resulting from the series of several mudslides. The same interpretation could be concluded on the basis of geochemical data acquired for bone remains. Flint objects found in Layer 19a are the oldest artifacts in the position in situ. The date obtained for the Layer 19a (230 ± 51 ka) lets us determine the approximate age of the sediment and artifacts, which is oxygen isotope stage OIS 7. All of the older artifacts found in Layers 19d and 19b-19c are located on the secondary deposit. The TL date obtained for the sediment of one of the deluvial layers (569 ± 182 ka), as well as the date obtained for the burned flint tool (568 ± 131 ka) point to the early Middle Pleistocene age of at least some of the redeposited sediments and artifacts.
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