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EN
Throughout its history, Ukraine has been both a country of origin andtrans it or destination for migrants. Ukraine has always been actively involved in the migration processes of Europe and the world. Poland has always attracted Ukrainians because of its territorial proximity, minor language barrier and higher salaries. After 2014, Poland became the most popular destination among Ukrainian workers. The significant increase in the number of migrants from Ukraine is due not only to economic reasons but also to the military conflict in Eastern Ukraine which had an impact on the geography of migration flows, gender composition etc. At the same time, Poland experienced a shortage of workers amid successful economic development and record low unemployment. The situation connected with the spread of the virus, the pandemic, and the closure of borders have significantly affected the economic situation in the world, migration flows, migration policy etc. However, it is difficult to predict migration flows after the end of quarantine, but it is clear that the EU member states will primarily need seasonal workers from Eastern European countries (including Ukraine). As Poland will also need additional labour forces, it can be argued that it will consolidate its position as the leading destination for Ukrainian labour migrants.
EN
The migration crisis of 2015 has left its mark on many EU countries. Some, such as Greece or Spain, were countries on the front line. Others, namely Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden became destination countries for many newcomers. Some, like the countries of the Visegrad Group, opposed the actions and decisions of the EU made in the face of the crisis. European solidarity has become a big question mark and we can observe a serious upsetting of the whole integration project which is, of course, up for discussion. This state of affairs consisted of the attitudes towards the crises of such countries as Poland or Hungary, here anti-immigration and populist parties came to power, creating a vision of flexible solidarity on the European political scene. The purpose of this article is to analyse the Polish migration policy, show the direction of the changes in its construction along with the change of government and the societal reaction to strangers, as a direct result of actions taken by the ruling parties. It is important to understand the political, economic and social context of the changes occurring in the social consciousness and to attempt to formulate a forecast for the future.
EN
Social challenges with the economic background result from social stratification not only within one society, but especially between societies. The division between wealthy north (with the visible trend of growing standards of life) and poor south (where the tendency is reverse due to high unemployment rates, overpopulation, housing and health problems as well as water and food shortages) is being more and more visible. Economic migrations have become a commonplace and also a source of further and more complicated political issues. They are pushing multicultural approaches forward on the one hand, but on the other aggravate ethnic conflicts, stimulate xenophobic and nationalist movements. Assimilation problems resulting from reluctance of indigenous societies and resistance of the migrants because of traditions, habits, values and religious beliefs only deepen dissimilarities in perception of how the coexistence should look like. This in turn imposes certain legislative and normative problems on governments and local societies and their administration. Aging of societies, which is mainly the problem of the most developed European countries, which are host countries for economic migrants at the same time, does not make this problem easier. This article will focus on most durging social problems in Europe which have conflict-generating potential, i.e. overpopulation on the one hand and aging of societies on the other, poverty and social stratifi cation, migrations and resulting assimilation problems.
EN
The paper shows some aspects of ‘border identity’ of the two Spanish cities-exclaves: Ceuta and Melilla. It analyses the multicultural dimensions of coexistence between Muslim (Moroccan) and Spanish populations. The article refers to some political, social and economic challenges: Moroccan revindication policy, growing number of Muslim communities, illegal migration, the phenomenon of violent radicalization inspired by the jihadi ideology etc. In this context, the paper focuses on the most important elements of ‘the border identity’ which are crucial to further the understanding of social problems in these cities. The methodological analysis is based on the integration of historical and system methods as well as scientific research and investigation conducted in Spain. Regarding some integration and inclusion efforts there are still unsolved social and economic problems that may have influence on the coexistence of different ethnocultural communities in the future.
PL
Artykuł jest recenzją książki Pawła Mościckiego „Migawki z tradycji uciśnionych” (2017), poświęconej sztuce eksperymentalnej oraz alternatywnej, której autorzy i autorki podejmują kwestię migracji i uchodźstwa. Autorka zwraca uwagę na zalety publikacji, odnosząc się zarówno do wyboru tematu, jak i formuły jego przedstawienia, a także wskazując – miejscami szczegółowo – przykłady dzieł filmowych, fotograficznych i poetyckich, o jakich w niej mowa. Jednocześnie podaje w wątpliwość niektóre tropy interpretacyjne, którymi podąża Mościcki, oraz wymienia przykłady europocentrycznego sposobu oglądu kwestii uchodźców, a także dzieł sztuki tworzonych na ich temat, który – jej zdaniem – przyjmuje autor książki oraz niektórzy przywołani przez niego artyści i artystki.
EN
The article is a review of the book by Paweł Mościcki “Migawki z tradycji uciśnionych” [“Images from the Tradition of the Oppressed”] (2017), devoted to experimental and alternative art, the authors of which address the issue of migration and refugees. Fiuk draws attention to the merits of the publication, referring both to the choice of the theme and the formula of its presentation, and also points out – in places in detail – examples of film, photographic and poetic works which are mentioned. At the same time, she questions some of the interpretative clues that Mościcki follows, and lists examples of Eurocentric works of art created about refugees and an Eurocentric view of them, which – in her opinion – the author of the book and some artists cited adopt.
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