Search results

1

Criminal Law and Punishment in the Middle Ages in Slovakia

100%

Jager R.

Journal of Modern Science

|

2020

|

issue 1/44/2020

63-70

EN

Objectives: The paper describes the development of the system of punishment in our territory from the oldest times up to the modern times. It points out the fundamental difference from the current legal situation: while there is currently the most commonly imposed punishment, imprisonment, in the past there was a "diverse range" of punishment, with imprisonment (as we know it today) at the earliest time ever there. Even in later developmental stages, when it already existed, the motivation of its imposition was different from the present and its imposition was still a rare phenomenon. Material and methods: historical method, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, description Results: In the past, many methods of punishment were used in Slovakia. The method of punishment depended on the crime, as well as on the person of the perpetrator. Conclusions: Imprisonment has been used minimally in the past, and has been used as a secondary punishment.

2

Птичий Рай: о судьбе райских птиц на Руси в Новое время

84%

Кузнецова О.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

|

2021

|

issue 14

9-16

EN

The article discusses the model of synthesising literary images (eclecticism) with reference to the history of birds of paradise in Early Modern Russia. In medieval Russian books, legendary birds (Sirin, Alkonost, Phoenix, Gamayun, etc.) are depicted and described with their individual characteristics. Some of them have human features (anthropomorphism), others have no legs and never sit on the ground; some can heal, others can be reborn; some fascinate with their singing, others control the elements. In medieval culture, the images of these miraculous birds almost never merge. In the Early Modern Russian culture, a new “bird pantheon” is being created, the representatives of which are united on a twofold basis: external splendour and special properties of voice. The pantheon includes both characters of medieval legends and real-life birds, especially exotic ones, with which the Russian people begin to get acquainted then, mixing truth and fiction in stories about them. Birds of the “paradise pantheon” replace each other and are being combined. The symbolic paradise in folk culture becomes a space in which their various features are permitted to interact. The hyperbolisation of brightness, beauty and magical properties is perceived in this context as natural and harmonious, and various birds, getting into the “pantheon”, lose their individual characteristics and acquire features of their “neighbours”. In a drawing a parrot is called a peacock. A canary and a parrot in a wood carving look like a rooster. Gamayun and Alkonost become anthropomorphic (like Sirin) and acquire peacocks’ tails. The Sirin’s images bear the inscription “Pharaoh”, because the siren (sirena) is called “faraonka” in the Russian culture. However, the same eclecticism of images and features receives an ironic interpretation in fables and journalistic genres of the 18th century. The enumeration of beauties and wonders turns into grotesque, the multiplication of birds’ names, where a peacock and a crow, a parrot and an eagle appear alongside, leads to ridiculing the overall image. The parrot and the raven can replace each other in different translations of a fable because both of them have the ability to speak, but the expectation of a beautiful singing from the crow is a subject of a comic story. Alexander Shishkov enhances the confusion, naming not only well-known allegories (the parrot as a stupid chatterbox and imitator; a crow in peacock’s feathers), but also turning the narrative (a peacock in a crow’s feathers). Beautiful and great things become comic and ridiculous in the new culture, but remain relevant in modern kitsch.

RU

Статья посвящена истории образов чудесных птиц в русской культуре XVII-XVIII веков. На стыке Средневековья и pаннего Нового времени сирин, алконост, феникс, гамаюн и дру- гие райские птицы претерпевают метаморфозы: они сближаются, приобретают общие черты и в конечном счете начинают смешиваться в текстах и визуальной культуре. Кроме того, в круг райских птиц включаются реально существующие виды с ярким оперением или необычным го- лосом: павлины, канарейки, попугаи, снегири. Этот новый «птичий пантеон» возникает под вли- янием перехода от средневекового книжного мышления к новому, рационалистическому, и од- новременно при переходе образов из элитарной культуры в массовую. Народное воображение создаёт идеализированный топос рая с лубочно-яркими персонажами и их диковинными свой- ствами: гротеск в этом художественном пространстве служит для усиления экспрессии. В то же время в литературе гиперболические описания птиц уходят в сферу комического: с помощью чрезмерных характеристик персонажи басен и публицистических произведений высмеиваются (ворона с «ангельским» голосом, в павлиньих перьях и др.).

3

Wyniki nieniszczących badań mikroskopowychi spektralnych galonów grobowych z Torunia i Gdańska

84%

Miazga B., Grupa M., Grupa D.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2018

|

vol. LXIX

|

issue 69

67-78

EN

Galloons, or textile bands, in which the ornament is usually made up of metal threads, are alongside other fabrics a subject of interest for the researchers both in terms of their structure as well as the raw ma-terials used in their making. In most cases, the analysis is limited to the determination of the raw material and a description of the weave, fabric density and the type of the ornament. However, this kind of description is incomplete and requires a supplementary archaeomet-ric examination. Thanks to the archaeometry, different types of met-al threads in fabrics as well as their varied applications can be stud-ied. The literature on the subject lists many various examples of metal threads being used – made of gold, gold and silver alloys, or gilded or silver-plated copper wound on silk, linen or wool fibers. Moreo-ver, different manners of obtaining metal threads can be seen, such as by wrapping wires around a fibrous core or winding strips of metal on a silk fiber. Due to the historical value of historic textiles, archae-ometric tests are usually based on analytical methods, which should not cause significant damage to the artefacts. These are usually spec-troscopic techniques based on the use of the X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and microscopic observations at various magnification levels. Four silk galloons from the archaeological research in Toruń (the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) and Gdańsk (the Church of the Holy Trinity) were selected for the analysis (Fig. 1, 7). The galloons were used for decoration as well as to support the upholstery covering the outer surface of the coffins. The macroscopic analysis showed that the layout of the geometric pattern in the selected samples is very similar. It was created in an identical manner in all instances – through the use of an additional metal thread weft. Therefore, the primary goal of the research was to identify the raw material of the metal thread in an attempt to answer the question if all the galloons could have been produced in the same haberdashery workshop. The archaeometric examination carried out on the metal threads confirmed that they are made of gilded silver (Fig. 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12). Gold, which was identified in the metal threads, was applied only superficially on the metal strips and is easily abraded, which can be observed as an uneven color on the surface of the threads (Fig. 4, 5, 8, 10). In addition, due to the significant deformation of the threads that occurred during the deposition of the fabric and their poor state of preservation, it is difficult to discuss the results of the microscopic observation of the threads (Figs. 13, 14). The analysis of the results of the metallographic examination indicates that silk fibers could be wrapped with fairly diverse metal materials. Based on these findings, it cannot be determined whether the galloons were manufactured in the same haberdashery workshop.

4

Węgorzyno – szlacheckie miasto prywatne w czasach nowożytnych

67%

Gut P.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

|

2019

|

issue 2

5-35

EN

Węgorzyno is an example of a private town, the property of the gentry family of (von)Borcke. The town was not founded by virtue of one legal act; Węgorzyno became a townin a process of many years when it kept acquiring successive urban functions. The inhabitants were subjects (lieges) of the von Borcke Family and obliged to additional dutiesfor their feudal lord. In the 16th–18th centuries the town’s inhabitants earned their livingas craftsmen and petty tradesmen, agriculture was a significant addition to their incomefirst of all providing the basis of their diet. Węgorzyno functioned as a small centre ofcrafts and trade for the surrounding area. The 30-year war caused a notable decrease inthe economic and demographic potential of the town, which was not recovered until themid-18th century.

PL

Węgorzyno stanowi przykład prywatnego miasta, własność szlachecką rodu von Borcke. Lokacja miast nie nastąpiła w jednorazowym akcie prawny, ale Węgorzyno stało się miastem w toku długoletniego procesu nabywania kolejnych funkcji miejskich. Mieszczanie byli poddanymi rodu von Borcke i zobowiązani do dodatkowych danin na rzecz pana gruntowego. Wciągu XVI-XVIII wieku mieszkańcy miasta trudnili się rzemiosłem i drobnym handlem, a rolnictwo stanowiło bardzo istotne uzupełnienie dochodów, a przede wszystkim podstawę wyżywienia gospodarstw domowych. Węgorzyno pełniło rolę niewielkiego centrum rzemieślniczo-handlowe dla najbliższej okolicy. Wojna 30-letnia spowodowała znaczy upadek potencjału gospodarczego i demograficznego miasta, który został odbudowany dopiero w II połowie XVIII wieku.

5

Słów kilka o Mosinie (na marginesie badań archeologicznych przeprowadzonych na mosińskiej starówce w 2011 r.)

67%

Cicha A., Wawrzyniak P.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

|

2015

|

vol. 20

EN

The archaeological excavations conducted in the spring of 2011 in yard No. 7 in the vicinity of old market at Plac 20 Października (20th October Square) were the first in the history of the town large-scale investigations of residential urban area in Mosina. Late-medieval and modern relics of buildings have been unearthed, and an extremely interesting assemblage of the fifteenth-eighteenth century pottery and small objects of everyday use collected. The absence of materials dating from the fifteentheighteenth- century Middle Ages speaks in favour of the thesis suggested by researchers that Mosina might have been translocated into its present location from neighbouring Niwka.

Refine search results

1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

1 Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

1 Journal of Modern Science

1 Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 2021

1 2020

1 2019

1 2018

1 2015

1 Cicha A.

1 Grupa D.

1 Grupa M.

1 Gut P.

1 Jager R.

1 Miazga B.

1 Wawrzyniak P.

1 Кузнецова О.

Criminal Law and Punishment in the Middle Ages in Slovakia

Птичий Рай: о судьбе райских птиц на Руси в Новое время

Wyniki nieniszczących badań mikroskopowychi spektralnych galonów grobowych z Torunia i Gdańska

Węgorzyno – szlacheckie miasto prywatne w czasach nowożytnych

Słów kilka o Mosinie (na marginesie badań archeologicznych przeprowadzonych na mosińskiej starówce w 2011 r.)