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EN
Foreign visits by state delegations constitute a regular component of international relations. The case of Poland in the Stalinist era was no different in this respect, even though the foreign visits were usually limited to the democracies of their fellow comrades. Among such numerous visits made by the Polish officials of the time, one is of special interest to us. This was a party-governmental visit to the People’s Republic of China and the Mongolian People’s Republic, held from 24 September until 13 October 1954. The pretext for the “friendly visit” were the celebrations of the fifth anniversary of the rise of the People’s Republic of China, held on 1 October 1954. The invitation was issued by the Central Government of the People’s Republic of China, and addressed exclusively to representatives of the Communist states and parties. The four–member Polish delegation was headed by the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (henceforth as PUWP) Bolesław Bierut and it also included a Member of the Political Office (Politburo) of the Central Committee of PUWP, deputy prime minister Jakub Berman, deputy prime minister Stefan Jędrychowski and the vice-president of the Council of the State Stefan Ignar. It was the first visit by top-ranking Polish Communist officials in China, which would not have been possible without the prior reshuffle in the Soviet Union’s political regime after the death of Joseph Stalin. This article presents the course of events of the above–mentioned, exotic visit as reported by the press articles in “Trybuna Ludu” [People’s Tribune] – the major press title of the Central Committee of PUWP. Our analysis of these press reports, sent with a two-day delay via a correspondent of the Polish Press Agency, shows which facts relating to the event were highlighted by the journalists.
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The Unlearned Lesson of Nomonhan

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1939年5月11日から9月15日にかけて、関東軍と赤軍との衝突の中でも最も大規模な、いわゆるノモンハン事件/戦争がハルハ河周辺で発生した。戦場は日本-満州国の主張する境界線と、ソヴィエト−モンゴルの主張する満州国をモンゴル人民共和国から隔てることになる境界線との間の、国境不明確な千平方キロメートルの一帯であった。紛争は、両者数十の騎兵隊員による小規模な戦闘から、いくつかの師団/軍隊による大規模な軍事行動にまで拡大した。 甚大な被害があったにも関わらず、ソヴィエトは日本軍を紛争地域から追い出し優勢を勝ち得、問題の境界線は停戦協定によって確定された。実際、これは1873年の創成以来、大日本帝国陸軍が味わった最初の重大な挫折であり、関東軍によって犯された戦中の罪業リストはかなりの長さに及ぶ。これは、軍の基本方針を見直す機会になりえたのだが、実際はある師団の編成を修正することと赤軍を危険性のある敵とみなすよう慎重になったこと以外は、ほとんど変化が見られず、精神主義がなおも軍の基本方針の拠り所とされた。 その結果、南に拡大の進路を向け数々の著しい成功を収めたのち、大日本帝国陸軍と大日本帝国海軍は、まさにハルハ河での戦闘時と同様の失敗によって、敗北に次ぐ敗北を喫することになり、最終的な敗戦と占領に至ったのである。
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