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EN
The Bible says that "all authority comes from God." But what if the authority is corrupt and abusive? The author of the article analyses the duty to resist a corrupt authority when it threatens inalienable human rights, the common good or the sacredness of authority itself, for example a tyranny or an act of an usurpation. The author examines the conditions which must be fulfilled in order that such forms of resistance as: admonition, protest, rebellion (civic disobedience), strike and uprising can be legitimate. It is important to bear in mind the obligation to obey even a corrupt authority insofar as it can be objectively stated that it serves the common good.
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Tillichova koncepcia prirodzeného zákona

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EN
There has been a small revival of natural law thinking in Protestant churches and theology since 1990. This article poses the question of what kind of ethics the German American theologian, philosopher and ethicist Paul Tillich espoused. More specifically what kind of natural theory did he hold? The methodological and hermeneutical key of the article is based on reading thoroughly from Tillich’s work, e.g. Morality and Beyond; Love, Power and Justice; Morality and Moralism: Towards a Theonomous ethics; Systematic Theology, etc. and quoting these sources extensively in order to avoid misconceptions. In order to answer the aforementioned question, the author presents the main concepts in Tillich’s writings, such as theonomy, the Protestant principle, and proceeds to demonstrate how they are related to the natural law thinking which Tillich stands for. All this will be applied to one of the most common objections to natural law: the naturalistic fallacy and the way Tillich bypasses it. This article also provides a short survey of secondary literature about Tillich and Natural Law.
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Moralne implikacje przymierza

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EN
The moral standards presented in the Bible are unveiling themselves in the process of the cultural and the theological development. Quite frequently the biblical morality stands in the context of an idea of the Covenant. Eventually in the very heart of the biblical ethic we’re finding values which were fundamental for a specific kind of a human existence and human way to God. The way the Bible understands as the Covenant which is constructed on the primary and the constitutive gift of a relation between the human being and God. The theologians of the Covenant are pointing out universal ethical conclusions even thou those findings are connected with only one nation chosen by God. At the culmination point of the development of the Covenant idea, in the New Testament proclaiming, takes place an annunciation of morality which has its core in the law of love. This kind of law is understood as a new creatio. Its essence is a dynamic character of morality which comes from an unchanging moral rules. God – staying unchangeable in His gift of morality – allows the human understanding of the gift of love to mature continually in fluently changing historical reality.
EN
The experience the „Polish August 1980" was met with an interesting reflection and civic engagement on the part of Józef Tischner. This Cracovian philosopher and Catholic Priest is the author of the book „The Ethics of Solidarity". He introduced the concept of solidarity as a moral bond that occurs between people. Its implementation in times of communist oppression was associated with the concept of „bad policy." Tischner believed that in times of restored democracy (good politics) solidarity ties would be easier in practice, which turned out to be more complex. In the later period of reflection Tischner did not seem to appreciate the socio-political aspects of the ethos of solidarity, which would allow for the active participation of State.
EN
The article discusses the issue of Euthanasia from the perspective of an Orthodox theology of communion. It demonstrates, that issues related to Euthanasia including moral and ethical issues cannot be limited to the individual and his context, but are in fact issues that should and do incorporate the wider community. The emphasis of Orthodox Theology on Communion and on the community could present possibilities of how to deal with Euthanasia by transferring the debate from the context of the individual and his or her choice or choice of other immediate individuals to an ecclesially centred platform. Just as there is a tendency for greater individualisation in society there is a tendency to moral and ethical individualisation and atomisation.
EN
Higher education institutions in the United States have historically been tasked with the responsibility of scaffolding the moral development of students. Although empirical evidence suggests that attending colleges and universities can foster students’ moral development and reasoning, the effect of online higher education remains mainly unknown. The current study has examined the effect of two online psychology courses, Developmental Psychology and Research Methods Lab, and their respective assignments on students’ moral competence. The findings revealed that students’ moral competence in both courses was improved; this improvement was partly attributed to online group discussions in the Developmental psychology course. No other assignments were found to be significant contributors of students’ moral competence. Limitations and implications of the findings were discussed.
EN
The paper focuses on searching for relationships and conditions of the seniors’ status in Slovakia in the context of transformation processes that had significantly weakened their social securities, their meaning of the life and had them shifted into “surviving“. The solution seems to be intergenerational solidarity, using their social capital as a part of own life experiences’ capitalisation process. The standard of living in the EU, achieved health and social standards including the rights to a dignified and full-fledged seniors’ life, are one of basic human rights and its observance should be a legal and moral duty of every democratic country. The authors offer the results of empirical research on the quality of seniors’ life in conditions of Slovak conditions in comparison with the Pan-European area.
EN
This paper discusses the tensions between moral obligations, ethical rules and legal requirements contained within the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conducts by reviewing the history and evolution of the Model Rules and the conflicting societal purposes served by the Rules regarding client protection, attorney regulation, jurisprudential philosophy and social justice. Equally important is a discussion of the parallel development of attorney discipline.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2016
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vol. 7
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issue 1
249-264
EN
The paper examines the relation of esotericism and oblique politics in the Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) on the basis of Eva De Vries’ study of the letters that Psellos addressed to the states­man Leo Paraspondylos. Traditionally, the name of Psellos signifies a revival of Neoplatonism in medieval Constantinople according to researchers like Chr. Zervos in the beginning of 20th century. Contemporary researchers such as Anthony Kaldellis and Stratis Papaioannou point to a more organic than speculative theorization in Psellos’ work while another contemporary scholar, Frederick Lauritzen, undertakes a synthesis of the two approaches. In any case, as this paper supports, it would be inadequate to consider the relation of esotericism to politics without referring to the evolution of the moral standards considered in a contextualized manner.
FR
The paper examines the relation of esotericism and oblique politics in the Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) on the basis of Eva De Vries’ study of the letters that Psellos addressed to the statesman Leo Paraspondylos. Traditionally, the name of Psellos signifies a revival of Neoplatonism in medieval Constantinople according to researchers like Chr. Zervos in the beginning of 20th century. Contemporary researchers such as Anthony Kaldellis and Stratis Papaioannou point to a more organic than speculative theorization in Psellos’ work while another contemporary scholar, Frederick Lauritzen, undertakes a synthesis of the two approaches. In any case, as this paper supports, it would be inadequate to consider the relation of esotericism to politics without referring to the evolution of the moral standards considered in a contextualized manner.
EN
In this text we present a part of research, which was focused on attitudinal and behavioral attributes of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities and their socio-cultural and ethical contexts. In order to establish a broader moral frames within which are constructed attitudes of teachers at special primary schools toward sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities, within the research we also focused on the &nding of certain moral and axiological preferences in the area of sexuality. Herein we present the ethical-descriptive analysis of partial research results relating to the di'erences in preferences of selected moral values in sexual relationships within teachers of special primary schools in terms of sex.
EN
In this text we present a part of research, which was focused on attitudinal and behavioral attributes of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities and their socio-cultural and ethical contexts. In order to establish a broader moral frames within which are constructed attitudes of teachers at special primary schools toward sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities, within the research we also focused on the &nding of certain moral and axiological preferences in the area of sexuality. Herein we present the ethical-descriptive analysis of partial research results relating to the di'erences in preferences of selected moral values in sexual relationships within teachers of special primary schools in terms of sex.
EN
In this text we present a part of ethical-descriptive research results, which are focused on moral preferences in the area of sexuality of teachers at special primary schools, specifically moral terms of (dis) approval of sex. These results represents only part of research results which was focused on attitudinal and behavioral attributes of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities and their socio-cultural and ethical contexts. In order to establish a broader moral frames within which are constructed attitudes of teachers at special primary schools toward sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities, within the research we also focused on the finding of certain moral preferences in the area of sexuality. Monitored area concerned to importance of love, fidelity, safety, sexual pleasure, attractiveness of partner, perspective longterm relationships, reproduction and others as a conditions for the approval or disapproval of sex.
EN
In this article, we present a part of data from two researches that focused on attitudinal and behavioural attributes of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities and their socio-cultural and ethical contexts. This article represents a comparative research probe into the moral preferences in area of parenthood and reproduction of people with intellectual disabilities, and of professional staff of social service homes and teachers of special primary schools in Slovakia. As a research tool, we used part of standardized Attitude Questionnaire ASQ - Attitudes to Sexuality Questionnaire (Individuals With An Intellectual Disability) from authors Cuskelly, Gilmore (2007). The results demonstrate that the moral preferences of reproduction and parenthood of persons with intellectual disabilities are mostly negative, even though teachers of special primary schools more morally accept rights of reproduction and parenthood, compared to professional staff of social service homes.
EN
In this text we present a part of ethical-descriptive research results, which are focused on moral preferences in the area of sexuality of teachers at special primary schools, specifically moral terms of (dis) approval of sex. These results represents only part of research results which was focused on attitudinal and behavioral attributes of sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities and their socio-cultural and ethical contexts. In order to establish a broader moral frames within which are constructed attitudes of teachers at special primary schools toward sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities, within the research we also focused on the finding of certain moral preferences in the area of sexuality. Monitored area concerned to importance of love, fidelity, safety, sexual pleasure, attractiveness of partner, perspective longterm relationships, reproduction and others as a conditions for the approval or disapproval of sex.
PL
Kategoria odpowiedzialności jest bardzo ważna w działalności gospodarczej. W przypadku działań ekonomicznych odpowiedzialność należy rozumieć jako zadanie do wykonania nałożone na dany podmiot gospodarczy. Współcześnie pojawia się ona w postaci społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu (Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR). Jest to dobrowolne i świadome działanie organizacji, nastawione na kontakty z interesariuszami, uwzględniające aspekty społeczne, kulturowe, ekonomiczne i ekologiczne, a bazujące na przestrzeganiu zasad etyki. Często organizacje realizujące zasady CSR czynią to w sposób regulujący: ustalają reguły postępowania, opracowują kodeksy etyczne, przyjmują standardy działania i poddają się ocenom lub audytom. Jest to czynnik formalizujący odpowiedzialności społecznej. Przeprowadzone badania nad tym aspektem wykazują, że w warunkach polskich organizacje często posiadają różnego rodzaju misje i strategie działania, jednak rzadko mają standardy społecznej odpowiedzialności. Zachodzi więc potrzeba szerzenia i pogłębiania wiedzy na rzecz CSR
EN
Responsibility is a very important category in business. In the case of economic activities, responsibility is understood as a task to be done, imposed on a certain entity. Contemporarily, it appears in a form of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It is a voluntary and conscious activity of an organization; focused on contacts with stakeholders; taking into account social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects; and based on respect for the principles of ethics. Organizations implementing CSR often do it in a regulating way: they lay down rules of conduct, develop codes of ethics, adopt standards of operation and undergo assessments or audits. It is a formalizing factor of social responsibility. The research on this aspect shows that Polish organizations often have different types of missions and strategies, but rarely establish social responsibility standards. There is therefore a need for CSR dissemination and deepening knowledge on CSR.
Nowa Krytyka
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2013
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issue 30/31
195-208
EN
The presented article is a comparative study of the output of the two nineteenth century Russian thinkers, Alexander Herzen and Mikhail Bakunin. The author indicates the similarities and differences between theoretical concepts elaborated by both of them, trying to prove – sometimes at odds with other scholars – that the views of Herzen and Bakunin reveal more convergence than divergence.
EN
The paper deals with saturation sexual needs in people with intellectual disabilities through masturbation. The authors present a partial research findings about masturbation clients in terms of professional social service workers in Slovakia, which indicate their acceptance and tolerance. With these expressions of culture through sex education and enlightenment, however, encountered only rarely. In terms of moral assessment, the author further reflect on the appropriateness or inappropriateness of the behavior. Emphasize the necessity of advising persons with intellectual disabilities themselves and professionals working with these people.
EN
In this research which was mapping minority and majority sexual life styles Slovak and Czech heterosexual men and women of younger and older adult age and their sociocultural contexts. In this article we were concentrated on questions of reproductive aspirations in present partnerships in connection to preference of moral values in partnerships and sexual relationships. We present ion article part of Slovak and Czech study about desire to have a children with present partner, and moral values.
EN
In the paper we present partial results of comprehensive research, which focused on attitudinal and behavioral attributes sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities and their socio-cultural and ethical contexts using selected items of us compiled questionnaire sexuality and sexual education of students with intellectual disabilities. We focus on the evaluation of teachers' attitudes towards special schools selected aspects of sexual education of students with intellectual disabilities. In this paper we analyze the attitudes of teachers for special schools source implementation of sex education of students with intellectual disabilities to teaching sex education in schools and selected special positions for experts to be involved in the implementation of sex education.
EN
This article concentrates on reproductive aspiration in partnerships. We present partial research results, which regard to reproductive aspiration in present partnership in relation to selected variables (partnership length, wedding wish, etc.) between men and women of middle and older adult age from Slovak and Czech Republic. Moreover we analyze reasons of mainte- nance of partnership and reproductive aspiration in ethic contexts.
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