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EN
Olga Boznańska’s painting is the epitome of a new approach to the physical matter of painting, refl ecting the late nineteenth-century myth of the organic communion of work and life. The artist herself declared her art as honest and true, devoid of any affectation; she left many paintings and photographs depicting herself as a professional in the process of working, in the studio. Although Boznańska spent most of her life in Paris and was inspired by the Impressionists and les Nabis, her formation took place in Munich. Her years of education and fi rst steps in artistic practice in the capital of Bavaria were decisive not only in the matter of the workshop or skills of the talented painter, but also in the matter of her aesthetic attitude. Boznańska’s close relationship with the visual culture of Munich and the essential role of this artistic centre in her career were usually underestimated and dominated by Paris. Boznańska admired the oeuvre of the great German colourist Wilhelm Leibl, and at the exhibitions she could follow many other contemporary German realists and impressionists. It was Leibl who proclaimed the ethos of “honest painting” (echte Malerei), considered as “the beautiful craft”. The circle of painters that was concentrated around him fulfi lled this concept of autonomic art – Reinmalerei, of painting portraits, still lifes and genre scenes. Olga Boznańska must have been infl uenced by the ideas and the painterly effects of the German artists and their American followers, such as Frank Duveneck. She shared with them the same quest for the subtle gradations of colour and explored the potentialities of paint as a material. This approach to technique was ennobled by the German theory of art (Wilhelm Trübner, Carl Schuch), which was the basis for the metaphysical concept of painting. The visual effects of Boznańska’s works are close to those of Munich art at the borderline between realism and expressionism. Her fascination with visuality led her to an original expression of spirituality.
XX
This paper presents some policies and practices in the field of language support for children from migrant backgrounds in early-years settings in Bavaria (Germany), with a special focus on the situation in the city of Munich. The paper describes the content and the application of SISMIK screening tool used for assessing migrant children’s level of German language prior to school entry, as well as the important role of the Intercultural Education and Language Section (part of the Department of Education and Sport of the City of Munich) in supporting children from families from migrant backgrounds.
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Tadeusz Rychter - nowe fakty z życia artysty

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EN
The author presents a biography of Polish painter and graphic Tadeusz Rychter (1870-1943).
EN
Polish artists living outside the country tended to establish informal groups of friends. They would share studios, spend time together, as well as follow closely and amicably each other’s progress, even from afar. Life vicissitudes of Józef Chełmoński and Alfred Wierusz-Kowalski brought them together on several occasions. They both studied at Warsaw Drawing Class; they were both students of Wojciech Gerson’s; the two travelled to Munich to improve their painting techniques; they also met in Paris. Wierusz-Kowalski intently followed the oeuvre of his successful colleague, which can be best testified to by certain analogies in their works. The artists would adopt each other’s motifs, such as wolf attacks, ploughing, a girl resting in the meadow. The paintings usually have their Munich (German) prototype, yet the Polish painters, Chełmoński and Wierusz-Kowalski included, used to set the scenes in Polish landscape, thus turning them into thoroughly native. They composed paintings bearing in mind the sensitivity, artistic refinement, and expectations of his public. While remaining within the category of ‘native’ and ‘local’ art, neither of the painters became involved in the dialogue with their contemporary art which was penetrating new areas of formal and ideological search. The works of Chełmoński and Wierusz-Kowalski exemplified the native cultural code. Their genre and landscape paintings fitted patriotic functions of art, while enhancing self-identification of the artists as well as that of their public.
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Mníchovská kríza a Červená armáda:

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EN
The study deals with the military measures of the General Staff of the Red Army, carried out in connection with the events that occurred in 1938 as a result of German demands for the surrender of the border areas of Czechoslovakia. It characterizes their content and scope in preparation for fulfilling the obligations of the Soviet Union, which resulted from the agreement on mutual assistance between the Czechoslovak Republic and the USSR of 16 May 1938 in the event that the Czechoslovak Republic becomes the object of attack by Germany. Points out that the measures relating to the deployment of part of the Red Army troops to combat readiness and their deployment to the western borders into the boarding areas to the north and south of Polesia, planned from March 1938 in the event of war with Germany and its closest ally Poland, the Soviet Union demonstrated its determination to provide assistance to Czechoslovakia in a coalition with France. The last regulation resulting from the need to strengthen the troops on alert in connection with the Munich crisis was issued by the People‘s Commissar of Defense of the USSR on September 29, 1938, the day the conference of the four European powers began in Munich. The next day, September 30, the Czechoslovak government accepted the Munich dictatorship.
PL
Wojna Rosji w Ukrainie trwa od 2014 roku, ale początkowo rosyjskie działania przybrały postać wojny hybrydowej. Ukraina pozostawała w pokojowych relacjach z resztą świata, gdy Rosja bez wypowiedzenia wojny zajęła ukraiński Krym i prowadziła wojnę w Donbasie. Jej pełnoskalowy zasięg zapoczątkowany 24 lutego 2022 roku nie miał precedensu w powojennej Europie i sprawił, że terytorium Ukrainy opuściło kilka milionów osób zamieszkujących zaatakowane państwo. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie jak organizacje i instytucje w Monachium rozwiązują problemy związane z napływem uchodźców do miasta, w tym uchodźców z Ukrainy. Jako hipotezę badawczą przyjęto założenie, że w Niemczech, w tym w Monachium, w rozwiązywaniu problemów uchodźców z Ukrainy po 24 lutego 2022 roku olbrzymią rolę odegrały doświadczenia niemieckie z lat 2015 i następnych w przyjmowaniu przybyszów z Bliskiego Wschodu. Podstawowe problemy badawcze zawierają się w pytaniach o to: jakie zmiany w prawie azylowym wprowadził w Niemczech rząd federalny?; komu w mieście Monachium przysługuje pomoc i jakie obejmuje świadczenia?; na czym polega pomoc uchodźcom prowadzona przez Urząd ds. Mieszkalnictwa i Migracji w Monachium?; czym zajmuje się Biuro ds. Zapobiegania Bezdomności?; jakie są zadania Lokalnego Biura Mediacji?; jakie kompetencje ma tzw. Służba Społeczna dla Niesłyszących?; jaki jest zakres działań Biura Pomocy w Powrocie do Domu?; jakie w Bawarii funkcjonują biura powrotowe?; jakie działania prowadzi Biuro ds. pracy międzykulturowej?; jaki jest zakres działań Centrum Obsługi Rozwoju Kwalifikacji Zagranicznych? Wiodącą metodą badawczą wykorzystaną w prowadzonych badaniach jest analiza instytucjonalno-prawna.
EN
Russia’s war in Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014, but initially Russian actions took the form of a hybrid war. Ukraine was in peaceful relations with the rest of the world when Russia seized Ukraine’s Crimea without a declaration of war and waged war in Donbass. Its full-scale scope, launched on February 24, 2022, was unprecedented in post-war Europe and caused several million people living in the invaded country to leave Ukrainian territory. The purpose of this article is to show how organizations and institutions in Munich are addressing the influx of refugees into the city, including refugees from Ukraine. As a research hypothesis, it was assumed that in Germany, including Munich, the German experience of 2015 and subsequent years in accepting newcomers from the Middle East played a huge role in solving the problems of refugees from Ukraine after February 24, 2022. The basic research problems are contained in questions such as: what changes in asylum law have been made in Germany by the federal government; who in the city of Munich is entitled to assistance and what benefits does it cover?; what is the assistance to refugees provided by the Office for Housing and Migration in Munich?; what does the Office for the Prevention of Homelessness do?; what are the tasks of the Local Mediation Office?; what are the competencies of the so-called Social Service for the Deaf?; what is the scope of activities of the Office of Return Assistance?; what are the return offices in Bavaria?; what are the activities of the Office for Intercultural Work?; what is the scope of activities of the Foreign Qualification Development Service Center? The leading research method used in the research conducted is institutional legal analysis.
EN
The article aims at identifying various references that Józef Chełmoński’s painting made to the widely perceived tradition of 19 th -century European landscape. The analysis does not only include the Polish artist’s direct connections with the group of Munich or Paris painters (both from among the academic circles and unofficial ones), but also the ways the artist drew from the modern aesthetic tendencies, conventions, and visual strategies he became acquainted with when abroad, all of those rooted in the discovery of photography, Realism, Impressionism, Symbolism, or Japonism. The Author also analyses the position J. Chełmoński’s art held in the national discourse of Polish artistic criticism and the myth it implied of a painter of land, attached to native landscape and thence drawing nutritious creative forces, national in content and form, while indifferent to cosmopolitan vogues. This suggestive vision of Chełmoński as a wild instinctive artist, consolidated particularly by Stanisław Witkiewicz, is confronted with the organic concept of Gustave Courbet’s creative process, the searches of the Barbizon School and of its German followers.
EN
The article is devoted to the family history of the Stein family. Unique genealogical information about seven generations of the family is given. According to the family legend, the Stein family moved to the Catholic Poland in the second half of the 16th century after the victory of the reformation movement in Germany. The representatives of the Stein family served to the Polish, Russian, and Austrian Crown. This paper traces the history of the Russian branch of the family, which includes officers and government officials, writers, and journalists. One of the main characters of the publication is the famous philologist and Slavist Sergey Vladimirovich Stein (1882–1955). For the first time, it was possible to precisely reconstruct the events of the last 15 years of S. V. Stein's life. The article is accompanied by a large number of illustrations, most of which are published for the first time.
PL
Przedmiotem zainteresowania w niniejszym artykule jest historia rodziny Stein. W tekście przedstawione zostały unikalne dane genealogiczne o siedmiu pokoleniach rodu. Rodzina Stein, zgodnie z legendą, przeniosła się do katolickiej Polski w drugiej połowie XVI w. po zwycięstwie Reformacji w Niemczech. Przedstawiciele rodziny Stein służyli władcom Polski, Rosji i Austrii. W danym artykule uwaga zostaje skupiona na rosyjskiej gałęzi rodu, w której można odnaleźć m.in. oficerów, urzędników państwowych, literatów, czy też dziennikarzy. Jednym z głównych bohaterów publikacji jest słynny filolog i slawista Siergiej Władimirowicz Stein (1882–1955). Po raz pierwszy udało się dokładnie odtworzyć wydarzenia z ostatnich piętnastu lat życia S. W. Steina. W artykule znajduje się ponadto duża ilość ilustracji. Dla większości z nich jest to pierwsza publikacja.
PL
Nauka oparta na badaniach naukowych jest wybitną i bardzo wymagającą formą edukacji uniwersyteckiej. Ugruntowane formaty nauczania/uczenia się muszą zostać przezwyciężone, co zaczyna się od czasochłonnych rozważań dydaktycznych nad planowaniem kursów i jest kontynuowane w trakcie nadzoru nad studentami w trakcie semestru i prowadzi do zupełnie innej interpretacji roli nauczycieli. Na podstawie niezbędnych wstępnych rozważań dydaktycznych dotyczących realizacji kształcenia opartego na badaniach naukowych w kontekście szkolnictwa wyższego, w artykule przedstawiono konkretną realizację tematyczną w studium przypadku modułu „Wprowadzenie do pracy naukowej”. W celu odzwierciedlenia uczenia się opartego na badaniach naukowych w paradygmatach samoregulującego się i samoorganizującego uczenia się raz po raz, na spotkaniach zespołu na poziomie poziomym studentów, przydatne okazało się posiadanie wspólnego tematu, nad którym należy pracować w trakcie opracowywania koncepcji modułu. Z uwagi na fakt, że wszyscy uczestnicy nieukończonego jeszcze projektu pilotażowego badają jeden z możliwych wariantów w dziedzinie zdrowia publicznego, początkowe doświadczenia w metodologicznie jakościowej analizie przestrzeni społecznej okazały się możliwe do zrealizowania. Na podstawie niektórych uwag dotyczących epidemiologii społecznej, skierowanych do grup docelowych, wkład ten opisuje naukowe znaczenie przestrzeni społecznej. Na tej podstawie przedstawiono realizację dydaktyki uczenia się w oparciu o wyniki badań w sześciu kursach, z których każdy składa się z czterech 45-minutowych jednostek dydaktycznych.
EN
Research-based learning is an outstanding and very demanding form of university education. Established teaching/learning formats have to be overcome, which begins with time-consuming didactic considerations of course planning, continues during the supervision of students during the semester and leads to a completely different interpretation of the role of teachers. On the basis of necessary didactic preliminary considerations for the realization of research-based learning in a higher education context, the article introduces the concrete thematic implementation in the case study of the “Introduction to Scientific Work” module. In order to be able to reflect research-based learning under the paradigms of self-regulated and self-organized learning again and again, in team meetings at the horizontal level of the students, it proved to be useful to have a common topic to be worked on during the conception of the module. Due to the fact that all participants in the yet unfinished pilot project are studying one of the variants in the field of public health, initial experiences in a methodologically qualitative social space analysis appeared to be manageable. On the basis of some target group-oriented comments on social epidemiology, the contribution describes the scientific significance of social space. On this basis, the implementation of the didactics of research-based learning in six courses, each consisting of four teaching units of 45 minutes, is presented.
EN
Displaced persons as a result of the Second World War have been the subject of long-term research, which has gradually developed into a stand-alone discipline. The author reflects on its development, current trends and future prospects. Using the examples of several thematic conferences abroad and the panel discussion at the Congress of Czech Historians in Ústí nad Labem in September 2022, she illustrates the specific areas of interest, the proclaimed challenges of the field, and possible interconnections with other topics. She finds the publishing and popularization activities of scholars studying the issue of displaced persons to be abundant while the occasional claims that Displaced Persons represent a new and still understudied topic sound somewhat contradictory today. According to the author, the main limitation to studying Displaced Persons as a stand-alone topic is that, in pursuit of a deeper understanding of the concept, Displaced Persons are often artificially sought where the category no longer fits and where an interdisciplinary or polythematic approach is preferable.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2018
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vol. 13
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issue 8
364-378
EN
The article presents the profile of one of the forgotten and underestimated writers of Polish emigration after 1939 – Wojciech Gniatczyński. The intricate history of his life is the story of a man marked by the stigma of war and the traumatic experiences of a concentration camp, and an emigrant with unfulfilled ambitions, who disappeared into the shadows of his more combatived colleagues. Discussed briefly essay writing of Gniatczyński shows him unusual erudition and a writing workshop with great artistic, aesthetic and cognitive qualities. It gives the possibility of various interpretations and urges to multifaceted research, clearly indicating that Wojciech Gniatczyński is worth rediscover today.
EN
Between phantasy and reality. Some comments to Dichterleben written by Heinz Piontek The novel by Heinz Piontek Dichterleben is not an autobiographical novel. Nonetheless the article tries to find correlations between statements stated by the novels character Reichsfelder and the opinions of Piontek, written by himself in his essays and interviews. The article also highlights the tendency Pioteks to “reproduce” the belonging to literary prose or lyric texts, motives and “linguistic pictures” in Dichterleben and to process them. Above that the article shows how close the phantasy and reality are connected together. It is also an attempt to show which component of the novel is most important.
PL
Celem rozważań jest zaprezentowanie rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych we Wrocławiu oraz w Monachium. W artykule scharakteryzowano sytuację społeczno- ekonomiczną Polski i Niemiec. Przedstawiono dane dotyczące liczby ludności, struktury demograficznej, gospodarstw domowych oraz uzyskiwanych zarobków. Przeanalizowano dane statystyczne dotyczące rynku nieruchomości Polskii Niemiec na tle innych państw europejskich. Przedstawiono nowe inwestycje, opisano luksusowe apartamentowce. Ceny nieruchomości odniesiono do uzyskiwanych zarobków. Badania przeprowadzono dokonując analizy danych urzędów statystycznych: polskiego Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego, niemieckiego Destatis oraz europejskiego Eurostatu. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań i analiz stwierdzono, że jakość życia w Polsce, mimo znacznej poprawy, odbiega od sytuacji w Niemczech. Nieruchomości w Niemczech są bardziej dostępne cenowo niż nieruchomości w Polsce, z uwzględnieniem dochodów pieniężnych społeczeństw obu krajów. Cena metra kwadratowego mieszkania we Wrocławiu jest zbliżona do średniej krajowej w Polsce, natomiast w Monachium przekracza ponad dwukrotnie średnią krajową w Niemczech. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
EN
An aim of considerations is to present the market for housing real estate in Wroclaw and in Munich. In his article, the author described the socio-economic situation of Poland and Germany. He presented the data concerning the number of population, demographic structure, households, and received earnings. He analysed the statistical data related to the market for real estate of Poland and Germany against the background of other European states, presenting new investment projects, describing luxury apartment houses. Prices for real estate were referred to the earnings received. The research was carried out performing an analysis of the data of the statistical offices: the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), the German Destatis, and the European Eurostat. In result of the carried out studies and analyses it was stated that the quality of life in Poland, despite a considerable improvement, differs from the situation in Germany. Real estate in Germany is more accessible in terms of prices than immovable in Poland, taking into account money incomes of the societies of both countries. The price of one square meter of flat in Wroclaw is approximate to the national average in Poland, whereas in Munich it exceeds more than twice the national average in Germany. The article is of the research nature.
RU
Цель рассуждений – представить рынок жилищной недвижимости во Вроцлаве и Мюнхене. В статье дана характеристика социально-экономиче ского положения Польши и Германии. Представили данные, касающиеся чи- сленности населения, демографической структуры, домохозяйств и получаемых трудовых доходов. Провели анализ статистических данных, касающихся рынка недвижимости Польши и Германии на фоне других европейских госу- дарств. Представили новые инвестиции, описали роскошные дома с апартаментами. Цены недвижимости соотнесли с получаемыми заработками. Обследования провели, осуществляя анализ данных статистических управлений: польского Центрального статистического управления, немецко- го Destatis и европейского Eurostat. В результате проведенных исследований и анализов констатировали, что качество жизни в Польше, несмотря на значительное улучшение, отличается от ситуации в Германии. Недвижимость в Германии более доступна по цене, нежели недвижимость в Польше, с уче- том денежных доходов населения обеих стран. Цена одного квадратного метра квартиры во Вроцлаве близка национальной средней в Польше, тогда как в Мюнхене она более чем в два раза превышает национальную среднюю в Германии. Статья имеет исследовательский характер.
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