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THE NATIONAL CHARACTER (Charakter narodowy)

100%
Stomma L.
Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa
|
2009
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vol. 63
|
issue 1-2(284-285)
3-12
EN
The author of the presented essay continues his reflections on the phenomenon and nature of the so-called national character, a descriptive category typical for the social sciences. By referring to 'Portret obcego' (Portrait of a Stranger) by Z. Benedyktowicz and its remark about the dynamic nature of the 'one's own kind - the outsider' category, the author draws attention predominantly to the dynamic of stereotypical images and their purely conventional status. Alluding to vast empirical material, the study underlines chiefly the purely contextual (historical) aspect of the emergence of national stereotypes, and thus opposes all those conceptions which wish to see in the 'national character' a social reality determined psychologically, biologically or geographically.
2
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NATIONAL/RACIAL WAR. THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND NATIONAL CHARACTER (Wojna narodów - wojna ras. Charakterologia narodowa i pierwsza wojna swiatowa)

80%
Gorny M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2009
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vol. 35
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issue 4(134)
67-88
EN
The First World War mobilised whole societies including scholars. Among the various motives that accompanied the phenomenon of the 'Krieg der Geister', the völkisch-racial complex of ideas played an important role. Notions of Volkstum, race, nation and Kultur enriched the vocabulary of social scientists far beyond circles of the organised movement for racial hygiene. The author focuses on the academic discourse on the national character of the war enemy, mainly represented psychiatry and anthropology publications. In the second part of the text, he traces the interconnections between these scientific genres and other areas of characteristic thought during the First World War and immediate post-war period. Among the discussed narrative strategies, the author identifies the 'feminisation' of the war enemy, manifesting itself in the psychological theories of suggestiveness, barbarianism, amorality, neurasthenia, depression and hysteria towards certain social and national groups. All of them are typically confronted with the manliness of one owns nation. Some Polish and Ukrainian authors of the period seemed to use the same argument against other nationalities, namely Russians. Publications by J. K. Kochanowski and W. Lutosławski show another possibility for intellectual refuge in the gender trap - the reformulation of some aspects of femininity as a positive self-stereotype. Another important mechanism of wartime publications could be summarised as symbolical exclusion from the European community of nations. German authors quite naturally labelled Russia as an Asiatic state, whereas their Polish and Ukrainian colleagues pushed the argument further to discover the non-Slavic ethnicity of the Russians. The symbolic exclusion of Russia and Russians was concluded with the help of both 'modern' racial and anthropological arguments and 'old' references to the Asiatism of their cultural and psychological formation.
3
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Jací jsou Slované? České představy o slovanské povaze v 19. a první polovině 20. století

51%
Brummer A.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2011
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vol. 97
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issue 3-4
281-301
EN
Self-determination towards the Germans, Germany and the German national consciousness based on a concept of the opposite German nature presented a constant in the Czech national discourse of the 19the and the first half of the 20th century, which was a traditionally emerging auto-stereotype of the Slavic 'dove' nature. An important feature of this idea, especially in the first half of the 19th century, was compensation of cultural insufficiency which they experienced: absence of 'great' history connected with wars and subjugation of foreign territories was partly a historically compensated by an emphasis on the Slavs' own 'peacefulness' connected with enforcement of Herder's concept of universal humanity. From the late 19th century, contemplation on the Slavic nature can be divided into two lines: pseudo-scientific and sociological line connected with natural sciences and geographical determinism and the older idealistic line operating with facts concerning history, culture and ideas. Both approaches refer to a different concept of the nation, which was specified by utterly different values such as idea, programme or substance and existence. Despite this fundamental difference, their outcomes were of a similar nature; they had a similar identifying and ideological function, pointed to the national present or future time and demanded an alternative to historicism. The stereotype of the 'peaceful' Slavic nature played an important role in attempts to formulate political and cultural programmes based on the idea of Slavic affinity.
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