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PL
W stereotypie Żyda w dowcipach z przełomu XIX/XX wieku, zawartych w śląskich kalendarzach eksponowane są elementy takie jak: imiona (Jankiel, Icek, Moszek, Rotszyld, Meyer, Sara, Lejbuś), pochodzenie (Żyd jest kimś obcym), wygląd (brudny), religia (Żyd jest odszczepieńcem, niewiernym), zajęcia (Żyd jest kupcem, trudni się lichwą, pełni rolę swata, nie uprawia roli), zachowanie (pozornie dobroduszny, beztroski, tchórzliwy i leniwy, gotów na każde poniżenie, sprytny, skąpy), specyficzny język (kaleczy mowę polską). Zwykle cechy stereotypowe ukryte są w strukturze głębokiej tekstu i odbiorca sam wydobywa z nich stereotypowe sądy. Kolokacje ze słowem Żyd pojawiają się rzadko. Niewielka ilość dowcipów o Żydach oraz żartobliwy ton tych, które się w kalendarzach znalazły, świadczą zdaniem autorki o pozytywnym stosunku Polaków do Żydów w ówczesnym czasie.
EN
The following elements are emphasized in the stereotype of a Jew in the jokes from the turn of the 19th century, found in Silesian calendars: Jewish names (Jankiel, Icek, Moszek, Rotszyld, Meyer, Sara, Lejbus), the place from which Jews come (a Jew is a foreigner), their appearance (they are dirty), religion (they are renegades, the unfaithful), occupations (traders, matchmakers, usurers, non-farmers), behaviour (seemingly good-natured, carefree, cowardly and lazy, ready to take humiliation, cunning, miserly), characteristic way of speaking (they violate the rules of the Polish language). Stereotypical features are usually hidden in the deep structure of the text and it is the reader who extracts them. Collocations with the word 'Zyd' (Jew) are rare. The insignificant number of jokes about Jews and the humorous overtones of the existing ones are taken as indications of a positive attitude of Poles towards Jews in that period.
PL
W badaniach nad stereotypami narodowymi dyferencjał semantyczny Osgooda po-zwala osiągać wyniki porównywalne w zakresie wybranych cech, ich ewaluacji i natężenia. Dane zebrane w Wilnie i Mińsku w roku 2001 przez uczestniczki seminarium magisterskiego J. Bartmińskiego pozwoliły stwierdzić, że stereotyp Polaka na Litwie i na Białorusi jest rozszczepiony: inaczej postrzegany jest Polak miejscowy niż Polak z Polski: na Litwie obraz miejscowego Polaka jest zdecydowanie bardziej negatywny, przypisuje mu się takie cechy, jak duma, zawziętość, agresywność, podczas gdy na Białorusi jest odwrotnie: lepiej są postrzegani Polacy miejscowi, którzy są w oczach Białorusinów bardziej od krajowych kulturalni, uczciwi, łagodni, bardziej towarzyscy i inteligentni, choć zarazem mniej przedsiębiorczy i mniej zamożni.
EN
In research on national stereotypes, Osgood's semantic differential allows one to compare the results according to selected features, their evaluation and intensity. Participants of Jerzy Bartmiński's M.A. seminar collected data in Vilnius and Minsk in 2001, on the basis of which it is possible to conclude that the stereotype of a Pole in Lithuania and Byelarus is divided: Poles living in Lithuania or Belarus are viewed differently from those living in Poland. In Lithuania the image of a locally-based Pole is more negative and includes the features of pride, obstinacy and aggression. In Belarus the situation is reversed: Poles living in the country are viewed as more cultural, honest, sociable good-tempered, and intelligent, although less enterprising and well-off than those living in Poland.
Bohemistyka
|
2016
|
vol. 16
|
issue 2
148 - 168
EN
The issue of creating the images of Czechs, the Czech nation and other nations which appear in the Czech internet discourse, have been discussed in the article. The basis for understanding the linguistic image of the Czechs, are the discussions on internet forums, which on one hand can solidify in the Czech mental-linguistic consciousness the Czech self-image, and on the other constitute the base for creating new auto-stereotypes. The analysis considers also the reference of Czechs to other nations, basing on which, the process of operating the vernacular conceptualization of reality has been followed through. Basing on the analyzed linguistic material, schemes of a mental-linguistic opposition of a “us-them” type have been developed on a number of levels. These oppositions fit the linguistic definition of the stereotype. In the con- clusion it has been stated that the discussions on internet forums, not only solidify the stereotypes which exist for many years in the Czech society, but may become the basis for spreading new ones, which are mostly negative and serve the purpose of a quick psychosocial assessment of a given nation.
EN
(Polish title: Jak widze siebie? Jak widza mnie inni? Eliminowanie uprzedzen i stereotypow narodowych za pomoca gier stosowanych podczas nauczania jezyka obcego). The article describes various ways of eliminating national stereotypes by means of certain games that can be used during the teaching of foreign languages. In the theoretical part there is an explanation of the terms 'stereotype' and 'prejudice'. It is also depicted how to accept and tolerate foreign countries and their citizens. The presented games can be treated as one of the possible varieties of teaching. They may help one to understand one's personal attitude towards particular cultures. Moreover, using the games during the teaching of foreign languages might also change deep-rooted national stereotypes.
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