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EN
The article describes two forms of cultural and religious syncretism and their artistic expression in the viceroyalty of New Spain, developed in the 17th century, where the Mexican national identity began to constitute itself. The first expression of syncretism under survey is the Marian cult of the Virgin Mary of Guadalupe, initiated in the 16th century with the painting Our Lady of Guadalupe, while its meaning is illuminated by the 16th century narrative Nican Mopohua, emerging form the Indian literary traditions. The study attempts to point out their connections on the level of both form and content, which inspire an interpretation of the cult from the point of view of syncretic transformations and particularly through the prism of its Mestizo essence. The second expression of syncretism is the work of the notable Baroque author Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the Eucharist drama Divine Narcissus and its Prologue. The work presents an image of cultural and literary Mestizism in the wider historical context of the Creole society of New Spain, as reflected especially in the author´s thematization of America ś pre-Christian legacy and pagan mythology in conjunction with Christianity. In conclusion, the article opens space for thinking about what we call liberating spirituality, understood as the product of the co-existence of the European and indigenous American cultures. Its main idea is the liberation from neutrality and indifference and return to a focus on the oppressed and marginalized. These are the values that draw various groups to the cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe as well as the work of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz in the 20th century.
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Demokratyczna Hiszpania w Europie

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EN
After Spain’s relatively peaceful and very successful transition to democracy, we have witnessed the emergence of concepts about new Spain and new Spaniards. At the same time, Spanish people, citizens and elites of that society, have begun to search for a new political model and for „normalcy” only in Western European countries. The triumphal entrance into the European Communities has considerably sped up the development of Spanish economy and society, contributing to consolidation of democracy in that country and substantially favouring solution of traditional “problem of Spain”. Both socialist and conservative parties have made successful efforts to modernise the country during their rules. The Spanish Constitution from 1978 recognised “nationalities” within the Spanish State, paving way for the establishment of pluralistic State of autonomous communities and regions. However, the question of relations between central authorities in Madrid and its regional autonomous governments remains very unclear causing political tensions and even provoking to terrorist attacks. New problems with political stability have emerged especially during the radically secular and clearly pro-European regime of José Luís Rodríguez Zapatero.
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