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Exercitia aularum. Dny všední a sváteční pážat na dvoře Ferdinanda I. v polovině 16. století ve světle dvou dochovaných instrukcí Exercitia aularum.

100%
Holy M.
Folia historica Bohemica
|
2008
|
issue 23
9-34
EN
Detailed directives for the 'Hofmeister' and preceptor of noble boys, which were analysed and published in the Appendix, enable us to understand the form of pagehood on the Court of Ferdinand I. The pages' daily programme on common and festive days is relatively well documented in the two sources. The pages were systematically trained and educated in court demeanour, so called chivalric exercises: equestrian skill, fencing, ball games, wrestling, running, bar throwing, dancing, classic languages (i.e. Latin), modern languages (i.e. German), religious studies, etc. In addition, they served the monarch at various opportunities, on everyday basis (e.g. serving him at his table) and in some more special situations (e.g. accompanying him on his journeys, or coming to meet him with lanterns when it was dark, etc.). The directives also indicate the division of authority of persons involved in training and educating the pages. They not only comment on the 'Hofmeister' and preceptor, but inform on other persons' duties, too: the sub-preceptor ('Unterpraezeptor') trabants, ('Cammertrabanten'), the landlady ('Hausfrau') and other servants or persons hired for training the boys, e.g. swordsmen. The main role of the directives lies in practical regulation of individual aspects and a thorough superintendence of the noble boys' movements and activities. Emphasis is also put on the religious aspect. Despite the confessional heterogeneity of the court organism, Lutherism was persecuted. During their tutoring, the boys' private reading was regulated and no Lutheran or other harmful books ('luterische oder schenntliche buecher') were permitted. The testifying value of both directives, however, is limited by the impossibility to clearly find out to what extent they were observed in reality. With regard to their factuality and severe sanctions, which were applied in case of violations, they were probably maintained, at least globally. In addition, the directives are not only of a normative nature, ingrained and proven routines were probably taken into account when they were conceived.
2

VARIÁCIE NA ZACHOVANIE STAVU. O UHORSKÝCH KRAJINSKÝCH SNEMOCH 19. STOROČIA

100%
Poór J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 1
27 – 46
EN
The study is devoted to the analysis of the defence of noble privileges and the position of the Hungarian nobility on the floor of parliament in relation to the monarch’s powers at the beginning of the 19th century. It analyses the discussions of various parliaments, especially on questions of property rights and the related rights to political representation, equality before the law, land tax and the bearing of public burdens. It examines the detailed argumentation and use of older legislation, as well as proposals for its use in favour of modernization (J. Hajnóczy, G. Berzeviczy). A special attention is devoted to the question of finance for the army, in relation to the traditional system of military service (insurrection). The author states that the achievement of change in the framework of the Hungarian constitutional system was not excluded, but the parliaments of the early 19th century did not set themselves such aims.
3
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Problematika šlechty a raně novověkého panovnického dvora v současné španělské historiografii

100%
Marek P.
Folia historica Bohemica
|
2008
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issue 23
317-337
EN
The last third of the 20th century witnessed penetration of the first methodological innovations regarding promotion of historical anthropological, structural and cultural historical outputs into Spanish research on the history of nobility. Works by foreign Hispanists and several Spanish historians, who took inspiration in English, French and Italian historiography, had a major influence on their settlement on the Pyrenean Peninsula. The classic works by Antonio Dominguez Ortiz became the most important impulse for development of modern Spanish research into the nobility. Numerous monographs, which appeared in Spain after Ortiz's publication at the break of the 20th and 21st centuries, deal with significant aristocratic families on the Pyrenean Peninsula and provide modern biographic information on selected persons of the Golden Age Spanish politics. In parallel, another two interesting theoretical works appeared. Their authors, David Garcia Hernan and Adolfo Carrasco Martinez attempted to provide a comprehensive view of the Spanish nobility and their collective mentality, utilizing a cultural historical approach towards history. The theme of the royal court entered the Spanish historiography through Anglo-Saxon Hispanists. The English historian John H. Elliott and his American colleague Jonathan Brown made the greatest impact with their book 'A palace for a king: The Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV'. Of Spanish historians, Jose Martinez Millan played a key role in establishing the research. Thanks to a scholastic panel, which he created at Universidad Autonoma in Madrid, the Spanish historiography can be proud of a number of interesting treatises dedicated in particular to the structure of the royal court, its power groups and the political role. Study of informal communication and political culture of illustrations, symbols and gestures (e.g. F. Bouza Alvarez), the king's favourites (e.g. B. Garcia Garcia, A. Feros) and court festivities (e.g. M. J. del Rio Barredo) also enjoy high attention. Foreign Hispanists' works (e.g. M. Sanchez and M. Rodriguez Salgado) currently deepen findings on the Spanish royal court. The authors provide the Spanish historiography with a double function. Besides introducing it to modern methodological stimuli applied in American and European historiographies, they help include Hispanic research into global discussions on this particular subject.
4

Pogrzeb szlachetnego Kaspra Wyleżyńskiego w Wieluniu w 1651 roku

100%
Kamler M.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 2
283-288
EN
The article concerns the documentation of the costs of the funeral of Kasper Wyleżyński, preserved in the court archives of the Sieradz province. The nobleman, who died in Wieluń, lived out his days there, attended only by his housekeeper, maids and a farmhand. His family, originating from Great Poland, belonged to the middle class of the nobility and never aspired to higher offices than that of a parliament member. The document, published in the appendix to the article, contains information on the quality and prices of the goods purchased in connection with the funeral, on the cost of materials and services necessary to perform the funeral, on donations and alms for Church institutions and on the funeral ceremony itself.
5

NOBILITACE KARLA I. (IV.) VE SVĚTLE MATERIÁLŮ JEHO KABINETNÍ KANCELÁŘE

100%
Županič J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 3
469-492
EN
The reign of Charles I (IV) was a period of disintegration in the history of Austria-Hungary. After the death of Franz Joseph I, the situation in the Habsburg Monarchy became ever more complicated and not only in the field of foreign policy. The internal crisis of the empire also deepened. The monarch, whose position in the Kingdom of Hungary was significantly weakening, attempted during his reign, to shape a united elite of the monarchy, a nobility, which would be loyal to the ruling house in future generations. The exclusive right to grant decorations, titles and orders gave the monarch the possibility to support pro-Habsburg oriented circles in the individual crown lands and reward their patriotism. Charles I (IV) continued the policy of Franz Joseph and in the course of the 24 months of his reign, he granted some degree of noble status to more than a 1000 people. A large part of the materials revealing the background to his decisions is deposited in the archive of the former cabinet office in Vienna.
6

ENTAILED LANDS. ESTATE POLICY AND NATIONALISM IN HUNGARY AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH–20TH CENTURIES

100%
Ballabás D.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2023
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vol. 71
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issue 3
493 – 511
EN
Entailed lands were estates that were, withdrawn from the free circulation of lands, inherited within a family in a predetermined order, mostly by first-born sons. These lands could not be divided or sold. The first entails were established around the middle of the 17th century in Hungary and were finally abolished three centuries later in 1949. Entails were considered negatively in the public discourse at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, since the peasantry’s access to lands was hindered by them, and according to certain individuals, entails were the reasons for the emigration and demographic decline of the landless agrarian society. Others had different perspectives. The concerned landowners opposed all concepts that would have changed the estate system. The movement aimed at promoting the role of entails in support of “Hungarian national purposes”, indirectly, supported their interest. According to the concept of Gusztáv Beksics, journalist and the member of parliament entailed lands should be abolished in the country’s internal area populated by ethnic Hungarians. This would solve the existential problem of the Hungarian peasantry. However, entailed lands should be established in forestry areas located in the peripheries of the country. Thus, entail owners excluded from the Great Plain would be compensated, and they could keep the Slovak and Romanian nationalities, that were not yet loyal enough to the “Hungarian state doctrine”, under close supervision.
7

UHERSKÁ ŠLECHTA V HABSBURSKÉ MONARCHII V „DLOUHÉM“ 19. STOLETÍ

100%
Županič J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2023
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vol. 71
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issue 3
393 – 432
EN
The Hungarian nobility represented a specific juridical group in the Danube monarchy until its collapse. This was not due to its historical distinctiveness, since a separate nobility and special nobility regulations existed, of course, in the Bohemian and Austrian lands and, from 1772, also in Galicia, but as a result of the state-law changes implemented in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries. Although Maria Theresa ultimately refused to meet most of the demands that the Hungarian nobility had forced on her after her accession to the throne (especially those concerning the independence of the Hungarian administration, the restoration of the territorial integrity of the country, and the obligation to consult exclusively with the local elites on Hungarian problems), the administration of the Hungarian state was nevertheless different. While in the western part of the empire the Bohemian and Austrian Court Offices were abolished in 1749 and a joint central office was established, the Hungarian Court Office remained. This had an impact on the form of the local nobility and the Hungarian population law (indigenat). The Hungarian nobility law continued to differ significantly from the Bohemian-Austrian one – from such minor details as the prescribed official fees or the form of diplomas to the different noble titles. The consequence of this process was the existence of two legally independent noble communities, which were not entirely compatible despite the existence of a common monarchy. The historical differences that existed were then further deepened by the Hungarian government after 1867 in order to strengthen the specific position of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen.
8

ZAPOMENUTÁ ELITA. NOBILITACE ŽIDŮ V RAKOUSKÉM CÍSAŘSTVÍ

100%
Županič J.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2017
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vol. 65
|
issue 1
47 – 78
EN
The aim of the study is to summarize the development of the Jewish nobility, which meant people of Jewish religion or origin in the Danubian Monarchy and especially to identify specific features of their ennoblement. It covers the development of the granting of noble titles to these persons and attempts to identify the main milestones of ennoblement. It also compares the ennoblement policies of the Austrian and Prussian monarchs in relation to individuals of Jewish religion and origin.
9

PÔVOD A VÝVOJ ŠĽACHTY A ZLATÁ BULA Z ROKU 1222

100%
Uličný F.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 1
81-90
EN
On the basis of detailed interpretation of the usable contemporary sources, the author describes the social and ethnic origin of the Hungarian nobility, and its development as a social group from the 11th to the 13th centuries. Especially according to the provisions of the so-called Golden Bull from 1222, he comes to the conclusion that from the beginning of the 13th century, the nobility regarded military service as a burden, and they strove for a share of political influence in the Kingdom of Hungary. The nobility became the political elite of Hungarian society.
10

BECOMING WHAT ONE IS AS BECOMING NOBLE

88%
Majerník J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 6
493 – 502
EN
Nietzsche’s famous dictum “Become what you are” is one of the most difficult aspects of his philosophy. Although Nehamas’ (2001) influential interpretation elucidates how we can understand the apparent contradiction between being and becoming inherent in it, it does so only at the price of divorcing the dictum from the larger concerns of Nietzsche’s thought. Therefore, the author will interpret this dictum in the light of Schopenhauer as Educator and its statement that “your true nature lies not concealed deep within you, but immeasurably high above you”. He aims to show that by understanding Nietzsche’s conception of human nature as it appears in the statement above we can grasp “becoming what one is” as inextricably bound together with his concepts of education and nobility and with his project of individual transformation, and thus with the core of his thought.
11

MEASURES AND REGULATIONS OF PRICES IN SELECTED NOBLE COUNTIES OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES

88%
Tandlich T.
Mesto a dejiny
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2017
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
17 – 32
EN
The income of self-governing regions in former Hungarian Kingdom from crafts and trade represented a very important part of their budget. Nobility issued the regulations for prizes of various goods and local measures. Those legal rules were considered the most significant jurisdiction in those autonomous regions. The study wants to present regional noble counties of Bratislava, Nitra, Tekov and Spiš and their economic activities during the 17th and 18th centuries.
12

MARCIN ZBOROWSKI'S, CASTELLAN OF CRACOW, SONS' PERSONALITY PATTERNS (FROM RESEARCH ON NOBILITY HABITS IN THE 16TH CENTURY) (Wzorce osobowe synow kasztelana krakowskiego Marcina Zborowskiego (Z problematyki obyczajowosci szlacheckiej XVI wieku)

88%
Ujma M.
Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym
|
2011
|
issue 3(18)
43-74
EN
The problem of origins of early modern personality patterns has been a research field for historians, historians of Polish literature and pedagogy for long time already. A history of a raise and a fall of social, economic and political career of the Zborowski's family from Malopolska still provides some controversies, what is the reason of not getting into consideration the context of their public activity: political situation in Commonwealth of Poland. Despite the huge amount of written sources, characteristics of Marcin Zborowski, castellan of Krakow, and his five sons: Piotr, Jan, Andrzej, Krzysztof and Samuel, are still biased with stereotypes of 'an admiration of a looser' or 'a negation of a career'. In case of Zborowskis as 'great victors', and afterwards - 'great losers', there can be found visible traces to common education and nobles' way of thinking in 16th century, results of defeating reformation, as well as long term being in a political opposition to the throne. An everyday life shown quite often a divergence between an ideology and a reality, although many people in 16th century tried to remember about the commonly esteemed patterns of behaviour. Those were situated in the tradition of the family, but the most basic source of a knowledge about them were: religion, education, and good breeding. Zborowskis' activity, although controversial in many points, was quite typical for nobility. Different noble families tried to maximise their advantages that might result from the end of Jagiellonian House and a change on the throne, what very often determined a collision of law and morality, and wide use of a demagogy and a propaganda. Despite the differences in personalities, Zborowskis remained in a mainstream of values of a historical period. Reading pro- or contra- stories may nevertheless lead to creation of black-and-white vision of a past, while reality is commonly different, far from perfection and its contradiction, but influenced by popular patterns of behaviour. An explanation of a behaviour, especially controversial or blameworthy from present point of view, can facilitate knowing the historical period.
13

ULRICH RICHENTAL´S CHRONICLE AS AN EXCEPTIONAL SOURCE FOR THE HISTORY OF SLOVAKIA

75%
Dvořáková D.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue suppl. issue
3 – 21
EN
The paper is devoted to the Chronicle of the Council of Constance by Ulrich Richental, in which he described the events of the church council (1414 – 1418). From the point of view of Slovak history, the chronicle is also known in relation to its mentions on the territory of Slovakia, which prove that in the 15th century, the territory of Slovakia was perceived as a special and ethnically different in the ambit of the Kingdom of Hungary. In several places, Richental mentions noblemen, whose property was located in the territory of present Slovakia as lords “in Windischen landen”. Sometimes, a closer geographical location is given, such as on the river Vah. In Richental’s Chronicle, apart from the name “Hungary”, also called in one place “Ungerland”, we also find Slovakia designated as “Windenland”. Richental’s mentions of Slovakia are very valuable, but so far more or less unknown in scientific literature.
14
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Vývoj pozemkové držby rodu pánů z Michalovic. Historické, sociální a geografické souvislosti

75%
Beran Z.
Historická geografie (Historical Geography)
|
2010
|
vol. 36
|
issue 2
EN
The purpose of the study is to provide a clear picture of the development of possessions held by the Lords of Michalovice and their geographic delimitation, to draft the motivation and causes of individual property changes and to emphasize the family specifics also with regard to the land wide development of the aristocratic demesne. The paper provides a detailed analysis of landed property of the family by means of which it opens space for comparison within the land wide research and reconstruction of landed property during the Middle Ages.
15

NEPOTISM IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE COUNTY OF LIPTOV IN THE 18TH CENTURY

75%
Janura T.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue suppl. issue
43 – 66
EN
The study presents the results of a new form of research on the official elites in the counties at the time of great changes in the role of county administrations in the 18th century. Evidence of the process of building nepotism comes from uncovering the family backgrounds of members of the Liptov official elite on the basis of registers and genealogical tables. Thus, the study adds a new dimension to the, at first sight, uninteresting lists of members of the county administration. There was a dense network of blood and “spiritual” kinship ties in the background of the selection of elected officials. They started with the richest and most influential Liptov families: Okolicsány and Szent-Ivány, members of which were elected to the position of deputy sheriff. The both families relied on help from the sheriff from the Illésházy family, who appointed officials if one died or suddenly resigned from his position.
16

KULTURNÍ KRAJINA NA STARÝCH VYOBRAZENÍCH

75%
Šimůnek R.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2015
|
vol. 19
|
issue 1
3 – 19
EN
Designed landscapes were more or less a clear demonstration of status, power and entitlement in all time periods: in their relationship to the audience as well as the landscape itself. In this elementary framework, a medieval castle is a good analogy, visually commanding a landscape and embodying the political and military potential, or a baroque castle complex with extensive gardens, expressing the social status of its owner and his place in the contemporary hierarchy. The design of the landscape – adaptation of natural elements and (primarily) its cultivation and combination with architecture – can be generally regarded as a status symbol. It is evident that the interplay of the ideal and reality affected also a contemporary vedute (views / prospects) of towns, manor houses with designed micro-worlds of manorial gardens, as well as cultural landscapes. Depictions of individual types of environments, landscape frameworks and landscape compositions were based on general idealized models of environments, into which painters and engravers inserted real panoramata of towns and villages as well as other structures (such as castles and chateaux, manor houses and whatever else might interest the public), and did so with greater or lesser degree of adaptation or, if we prefer, invention. This study presents fundamental characteristics of the given genre on selected examples from Bohemia around the year 1700 (pictorial maps, manuscript and printed prospects of cultural landscape with architecure).
17

ZLOČIN Z PANSKÉ ZVŮLE? VRAŽDA VRCHNOSTENSKÉHO PÍSAŘE KARLEM MAXMILIÁNEM Z BLEYLEBENU

75%
Kilián J.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2020
|
vol. 24
|
issue 2
339 – 353
EN
The article deals with the circumstances of the murder committed in 1647 in North Bohemian town Krupka by young Baron Charles Maximilian of Bleyleben against Johannes Brosche, a serf and servant of his father. Thanks to the well-preserved sources, it is possible to trace the course of the case for several years, from the investigation of the crime, but unpunished, to the judicial recovery of compensation and the salary that Brosche was allegedly not paid during his seventeen years of service. The extraordinary nature of the studied case does not lie in the event itself, but in the preservation of archival sources, which allow a relatively detailed follow-up of the whole case from its beginnings, albeit without gaps and question marks.
18

BIEDERMEIER. UMĚNÍ A KULTURA V ČESKÝCH ZEMÍCH 1814 – 1848. OTÁZKA ŠTÝLU

75%
Beňová K.
ARS
|
2009
|
vol. 42
|
issue 2
351-354
EN
The article offers information on the exhibition 'Biedermeier. Art and Culture in the Czech countries 1814 - 1848' and the resulting extensive publication (527 pp.), both organized and published in 2008. It presents basic insight according to the logical structure of the publication: Predispositions and Roots, Applied Arts and Life-style, Biedermeier in Fine Arts and Tradition and Modernity and the Catalogue comprised of approximately 700 entries.
19

NEPOTIZMUS V SPRÁVE LIPTOVSKEJ STOLICE V 18. STOROČÍ

75%
Janura T.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3
403 – 425
EN
The study presents the results of a new form of research on the official elites in the counties at the time of great changes in the role of county administrations in the 18th century. Evidence of the process of building nepotism comes from uncovering the family backgrounds of members of the Liptov official elite on the basis of registers and genealogical tables. Thus, at first sight, the study adds a new dimension to the uninteresting lists of members of the county administration. There was a dense network of blood and “spiritual” kinship ties in the background of the selection of elected officials. They started with the richest and most influential Liptov families: Okolicsány and Szent-Ivány, members of which were elected to the position of deputy sheriff. Both families relied on help from the sheriff from the Illesházy family, who appointed officials if one died or suddenly resigned from his position.
20
Content available remote

Kontinuita nebo změna? Haličští konzervativci vůči projevům demokratizace, emancipace a modernizace v Rakousku na přelomu 19. a 20. století

75%
Łazuga W., Menz M.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2012
|
vol. 20
|
issue 2
235-244
EN
By the end of the 19th century the Polish-Lithuanian state declined and disintegrated. As a result, Malopolska, the southern part of the former state, appeared under the Habsburg rule and this new territory of their empire was renamed Galicia. For eighty years after the disintegration of the Polish state Galicia was the worst annexed territory. The local nobility had to quickly adapt to the new political order and law. The diet of nobility was converted into a diet of estates, instead of free vote there were now petitions to the throne. Local ruling nobles were replaced by the rule of foreigners, mostly Czech and German officials. The Galician conservatives were divided (not only geographically) in two parts: the West Galician group and the East Galician group. The first were called “stańczycy“, the latter “podolaci”. Comparing the two groups we can say that the conservatives of Cracow were certainly more open to changes. On the other hand, the conservatism of “podolaci” was “blind” and “absolute”, their program being limited to the slogan: “What will be here must be what was here”. Due to thein traditionalist attitudes the Polish conservatives failed to understand and accept “the modern world”. Therefore, they would never again play the same role as they did in the history of autonomous Galicia. Their vacated positions were taken by “modern” mass political parties.
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