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1

CANGUILHEMOVE ANALÝZY NORMALITY A VÝZVY PRE FILOZOFIU

100%
Vydra A.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 3
212 – 221
EN
The problem of normality is the key topic in the works of Georges Canguilhem. He concerned himself with this theme during his whole academic life: one can find more than one exclusive analysis of the normality in his writings. Canguilhem’s first influential text, namely his dissertation thesis on the normal and the pathological (as well as the appendix from 1966) is confronted by the author with other texts of the French philosopher. The paper shows several levels (biological, social, philosophical) in Canguilhem’s analyses of normality and examines the impact these analyses had on the work of the philosopher. According to Canguilhem, to be healthy means to be able to assume the risk of establishing new norms. It means not only to preserve one’s life, too. The author’s conviction is that philosophy must to decide upon its future: either to sterilize its own existence, or to run the risk of making progress. Consequently, the dramatic situation of philosophy is all over again the one of Achilles’ choice.
2

ZVODNÁ TVÁR NEĽUDSKOSTI

86%
Hrabovský M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2016
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vol. 71
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issue 3
231 – 239
EN
Despite our growing knowledge about the mass killings and genocides, we are still uncomfortable with the fact that these mass killings were committed by ordinary, decent, normal, and even everyday people. Inhumanity is often seen as an overcome with extreme ideology or falling into the “animal” part of human being, but it is rather a consequence of an uncritical subordination to a false authority, and the desire to build a personal or national „Paradise“ at the expense of the suffering of the others. On the other hand, there are studies that examine the characteristics of the people who stood against the inhumanity and rescued Jews during the Holocaust. These people expressed so called “banal heroism” and their characteristics paradoxically contradict the ideal and obedient citizen. This study will therefore focus on criticism of „normality“ rather than on criticism of the extreme ideologies.
3

DUŠEVNÍ PORUCHY A KONSTRUKCE NORMALITY

86%
Škrob J., Charvát M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2016
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vol. 19
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issue 2
-
EN
The text provides a description as well as an analysis of mental disorders as socially constructed entities while focusing on the category of normality not only in its medical sense but also in social and cultural one. Our methodology has to be understood as rooted in social constructionism. We work with concepts created within social anthropology and semiotics but also existentialist psychotherapy or Mad Studies. When postulating mental disorder as a topic of social anthropology, we suggest that mental disorder is one of the key concepts behind the social and cultural understanding of normality: normality in regard to emotions, thinking, and behaviour is to a great extent defined negatively – that is, by what it isn't – with mental disorder being one of its major opposites. Normality in Western societies is significant mostly in the areas of mental health, sexuality, and gender whereas these areas may overlap; being different in terms of sexuality or gender may be – and often is – interpreted as a sign of a mental disorder. As for our findings, on a general level we suggest that the binary between the normal and unproblematic on the one hand and a disorder on the other hand is arbitrary. The border between the two categories has to do with social and cultural rules more than with actual medicine. More specifically, we describe a physician as a constructor who puts individual signs together and forms diagnoses which can change their structure, shift, or even break down completely. Researching mental disorders as a part of the socially constructed reality allows us to see the power dynamics and questionability of seemingly natural categories such as health and illness, or normality and abnormality.
4
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Normálny stav normy spisovného jazyka

72%
Dolnik J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2007
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vol. 68
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issue 4
256-270
EN
The author poses the question of when the norm of the standard language is in a normal state. This state correlates with a normal state of the users of this language which is based on a genuine feeling of normality. This feeling originates in a basic socialization situation in which an individual acquires a language norm as well as other types of standardization in a natural way. When the 'artificial' standard language appeared, individuals found themselves in a socialization situation in which a language user could not rely on the genuine feeling of normality alone. However, the democratization of the standard language creates conditions for a 'historical' revitalization of the normal state of the user. Still, the revitalization of this state is, in a retarding manner, influenced by an attitude of standardized acceptance towards the codified norm, which is connected with an artificial feeling of normality. The suggestion of normality typical for each standardization has a particularly strong influence. Moreover, from the position of codification, the users are under pressure to enforce the rational perception of the standard language. This pressure leads to the standardization of a 'slave-like' dependence of users on the untouchable nature of a codified norm.
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