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1

THE ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - SOME REFLECTIONS

100%
Szpak A.
Studia Prawnicze
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2007
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issue 4(174)
5-18
EN
The authoress presents the issue of international ethics or morality as one of the few normative systems that regulate international relations (inter alia next to international law or political norms). The article begins with the description of levels at which ethics in international relations is present - the level of individuals, of states, of international community). The authoress attempts to compare international law and ethics and points to differences between those two normative systems and manners of distinguishing legal norms from moral ones. The emphasis is laid on the idiosyncrasy of morality (ethics). Finally she analyses the reasons for growing importance of the ethics as well as the obstacles in that process.
2

TENDENCIA DODRŽIAVAŤ PRÁVNE NORMY AKO VRODENÁ VLASTNOSŤ ČLOVEKA

75%
Šmihula D.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
|
2013
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vol. 96
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issue 4
386 – 403
EN
A man has an innate tendency toward observance of legal norms, because he or she has an innate tendency in his or her behaviour to observe norms in general. It is caused by the fact that a man is a collective being and can only survive in a group of other men. In order to be functional, such group needs to follow certain rules – norms. Life in a community had been expanded because it brings significant advantages to an individual in terms of his survival, quality of life and his own reproduction. As this collective life became spread among ancestors of men long before the origin of a man − at the time when the cultural evolution had not a large importance and, unlike the present, was shadowed by the biological evolution − and long before the ancestors of men became high-intelligent beings, the formation of proto-human communities was not a result of a rational choice; it must have to be a result of evolutional selection. The ones in which the associative instinct developed had an evolutionary advantage over those who lived isolated. For such community not to immediately disintegrate, this associative instinct could not exist in isolation. Moreover, it could successfully work and provide a selective advantage from the very beginning only in association with the tendency toward observance of certain norms. As the collective life and the need to observe certain rules arose among ancestors of men literally at the level of simple primates, this tendency to observe norms must have the form of innate instinct created by biological evolution, rather than the form of a learnt behaviour transmitted by cultural transfer as part of cultural superstructure.
3

Δ - TIL AND NORMATIVE SYSTEMS

75%
Glavaničová D.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 2
204 - 221
EN
According to a widespread view, deontic modalities are relative to normative systems. Four arguments in favour of this suggestion will be presented in this paper. Nevertheless, the author has proposed and defended an analysis of deontic modalities in terms of Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) that is non-relativistic (with respect to normative systems) and accommodates minimal semantics of TIL. This leads to a question whether one can do justice to arguments for deontic relativism and put forward a relativistic analysis of deontic modalities in TIL. The main aim of this paper is to amend the former analysis of deontic modalities in terms of TIL to incorporate both the standard (relativistic) view and the minimal semantics of TIL.
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