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Wielce szanowni Państwo, drodzy Czytelnicy, Autorzy i bezcenni Recenzenci „Ochrony Zabytków”!

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Serafinowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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issue 1

3-4

EN

We are proud to present you another volume of the semi-annually published by the National Heritage Board of Poland, identified with the number 1/2015. As it was announced in the introduction to the previous fascicle, the first part of this volume is a continuation of the topics connected with the memory of the Great War, the outbreak of which was described in simple words by Jaroslav Hašek: “And somewhere, from the dark depths of centuries, the truth approached Europe that tomorrow would thwart the plans of the present”. In his Sztafeta, the invaluable Melchior Wańkowicz summed up roughly the material losses which affected the territory of Poland directly. Years later, Zofia Starowieyska-Morstinowa, in her memoirs, wonderfully written and published in 1962, reminded Wańkowicz’s calculations which show directly that ”one million eighty-four thousand buildings, 56% of the prewar railway rolling stock, 63% of railway stations, 390 big and 219 small bridges were destroyed, the cultivation of four and a half million hectares of farmland was given up, three million people were displaced, 130 million meters of wood were taken away without any compensation. In Łódź, 1300 kilometers of leather strap belt was torn out of machines, one hundred tons of copper parts was torn out of the most valuable machines, 100,000 motors, engines and machine tools were seized”. Above all, however, millions of innocent people were crippled or killed. Thus, it is not surprising that, in the first part of this volume, we will find threads concerning the rebuilding of the country after the war, as well as immanent funerary threads, which now constitute the common heritage of the hecatomb of at least several nations of the generation of our grandmothers and grandfathers. In the following parts of this volume, we are presenting stricte conservatory and research issues, at the same time not ignoring the topics related to iconography. A unique supplement to the volume is an overview of the book by Professor Bogumiła Rouba entitled Pielęgnacja świątyni i innych zabytków. Książka nie tylko dla księży (Care of the churches and other monuments. A book not only for priests). A good addition to that manual is a very interesting announcement devoted to the equipment for the safe protecting the icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa. This volume of “Ochrona Zabytków” began to be prepared in winter. Now, at the beginning of the summer, it is time for wishing you carefree and warm holidays, abounding with good experiences. Yours faithfully Jacek Serafinowicz Editor-in-Chief

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Szanowni Czytelnicy!

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Marcin Gawlicki M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2008

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issue 2

3-4

EN

For quite some time the Polish conservation milieu has been involved in a lively discussion on the deteriorating state of our cultural heritage, assorted threats, unsatisfactory theoretical interpretations that do not provide answers to many simple questions, and mundane financial problems hampering suitable documentation or professional studies and the conservation of monuments. Against the backdrop of this discussion there have emerged conceptions of organisational and systemic transformations, which, briefly, refer to the direct supervision of the general conservator over the offices of the voivodeship conservators of monuments. Our editorial board has decided to expand this discussion by presenting various views concerning the theoretical aspects of the foundations of the protection of monuments. I regard opinions formulated outside the conservation circles to be of particular importance since they make it possible to view our problems without emulating well-worn schemes and reducing the discussion to a strictly organisational level. Within this context I heartily recommend the text by Dr. Simon Thurley, the head of English Heritage, read during the third annual European Heritage Heads Forum held in May 2008 in Copenhagen. The principles of the protection of historical monuments are simply a codification of the decision-making process, based on a modern assessment of the value of monuments. You will find all the details in an English Heritage publication entitled Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance – try the English Heritage internet site or the library of the National Heritage Board of Poland. Knowledge about the reasons for protecting a historical monument, the basis of this protection, as well as the monument’s particular elements and environment should support the whole process of protection, from recording a given monument in a register, its suitable utilisation and administration to decision making and correctly conducted conservation or adaptation. Any gaps will lead to numerous errors and even the loss of valuable monuments. Many Readers may find the text about the phenomenological definition of the monuments to be of special interest. The study in question makes it possible to view the apparently completed concept of the monument from a wider perspective than the traditional one. Alongside questions dealing with the creation of modern conservation protection and a search for the sources of the definition and phenomenon of the monuments, we also tackle topics associated with the current shape of the Polish register of monuments, its contents and the role, which it should perform in the national system of the protection of the cultural heritage. Within the context of the binding statutory regulations, inclusion into the register, which until now has been the only universally applied form of the protection of monuments, proves to be not only ineffective but also incomplete, and does not reflect the richness and diversity of the Polish cultural heritage. I wish you pleasant reading. Respectfully yours Marcin Gawlicki Director of the National Heritage Board of Poland

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Szanowni Państwo!

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Zdrojewski B.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2012

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issue 1-2

7

4

Szanowni Państwo!

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Żuchowski P.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2012

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issue 1-2

8

5

Wielce Szanowni Państwo...

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Serafinowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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issue 2

4-5

EN

Dear Honourable Readers, dear Authors, priceless Reviewers whose extensive knowledge makes editing and publishing of “Ochrona Zabytków” possible! Tempus fugit… It would seem that not long ago we handed over the second volume of Anno Domini 2014, along with Christmas wishes, to our Readers. As I am writing the introduction to the second volume of Anno Domini 2015, it is hard for me to believe that another year goes by, that the Advent is already there and Christmas is around the bend. Therefore, it is time to start thinking about new fascicules, new important and interesting topics and, to be honest, it is not that easy. In our editorial room, we are currently observing a certain, hopefully temporary, decline in the willingness to write about a broadly understood cultural heritage, about interesting and important conservation work carried out at universities and research centres. Perhaps, the situation I am talking about is related to the need to publish results of research and conservation work at higher education institutions, their bulletins and studies. In any case, the Noble Matron the “Ochrona Zabytków” still remains, certainly deserves attention, being (perhaps mutatis mutandis) the oldest Polish scientific periodical dealing with the protection of heritage in all of its dimensions, which can be well exemplified, in my opinion, by another fascicule presented to you, with a number 2/2015, containing 10 sections providing diversified and rich subject matter, starting from architectural research, through iconographic, technical and technological issues in conservation, to legal and economic issues and those related to UNESCO World Heritage. This volume is accompanied by reviews of publications as well as a report concerning a legal seminar. The volume is crowned by a remembrance of Michał Gradowski – a notable researcher and expert in goldsmith’s craft, awarded with a Gloria Artis medal. Dear Readers, before I turn to Christmas wishes, let me remind you about a curious, albeit little known, fact concerning (to a certain extent) the National Heritage Board of Poland – abbreviated as NID. It turns out that during World War II this abbreviation was used by a (British) Navy Intelligence Division. After all, this is quite a nice affinity. It is linked to a further story including Krystyna Skarbek, Ian Fleming, James Bond, Vesper Lynd and the entire Casino Royale (1953). In this way we are lightly and merrily entering the Christmas atmosphere. Let us all be of good cheer – Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! Jacek Serafinowicz Editor-in-Chief

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Drodzy Czytelnicy,

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Stachańczyk R.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2016

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issue 1

3-4

EN

It is with pleasure that we present to you the recent issue of “Ochrona Zabytków” magazine. It differs from previous editions as it is entirely devoted to conservation of historic gardens. Here, in Poland, this field has truly impressive achievements as we are one of the few European countries to hold a considerable collection of garden documents (records), and to develop – in the post-war period – research methods as well as following methodology taught in a plethora of academic centres. Furthermore, it may seem that applicable legal acts and international recommendations are sufficient tools to protect this particular type of heritage. Nevertheless, as a consequence of failing to grasp the phenomena of a garden – with its essence and artistic value – and due to the necessity to adopt measures other than for historic architecture, decisions regarding gardens often raise much controversy. We are observing occurrences that prove disturbing especially in the context of the increasing resources allocated to conservation and restoration of historic gardens. As a result, we are witnessing a process which would be unthinkable a few decades ago, when the majority of works was carried out within the inner management of the historic site. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the notion of recreating historical garden compositions, which should be an aftermath of a far-reaching process and not a one-time act. This process involves conservators struggling to make various substantive decisions, and as there is no one universal path to follow, all options and conditions must be taken into account. In 2014, the celebration of the 10th anniversary of inscribing the Polish-German Mużakowski Park on the UNESCO World Heritage List proved to be a unique opportunity to call to mind the principles of conduct towards historic gardens, in particular, the doctrine for conservation in relation to this type of heritage, and to discuss current issues and tendencies. Inscribing Mużakowski Park, whose eastern part is managed by the National Heritage Board of Poland on behalf of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, on the UNESCO World Heritage List is one of the key points of park’s revitalisation process which started at the beginning of 1990s and was initiated by predecessors of the Board in cooperation with the manager of German part of the site. The inscription emphasised the efforts of Polish manager that went into rescuing the park – without it, this precious site would go down only in the history of landscape gardening. The wide range of conservation works carried out by both managers is unprecedented in Europe and constitutes an example of good practices in the field of historic garden conservation. The National Heritage Board of Poland – an organiser of the “Historic gardens as objects of maintenance, conservation and restoration” conference which was held from 11 to 13 September 2014 in the Żagań Palace and outdoors in the Mużakowski Park to commemorate the inscription – has committed to remind us that historic gardens must be treated in a different manner than other types of heritage due to special characteristics of their material, longevity and value of composition. Moreover, the conference was to present European views on standards of conduct and to discuss on a spectrum of possibilities related to selecting the right path prior to deciding on measures to be adopted. Most papers read by speakers from Poland and abroad have been adapted to the requirements set out for academic writing, and subsequently collected in a volume that is presented to you. We strongly believe that our Readers will learn more on the subject of historic gardens which so far has rarely been raised in “Ochrona Zabytków” magazine. A garden is a type of historic site that requires continuous care, in particular constant and professional maintenance. Understanding its complexity is the foundation of any revitalisation process and a guarantee for maintaining its inherent value. Without it, our conservation efforts will result in passing to future generations our mere representations of historic garden achievements that will have nothing to do with the real thing. dr inż. Renata Stachańczyk The Manager of the Revitalisation Project of Mużakowski Park, Head of the Team for expert opinions and analysis of historic landscape The National Heritage Board of Poland

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Poland for World Heritage/La Pologne pour le patrimoine mondial, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, Warszawa 2013

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Olbryś M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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issue 2

245-250

8

Szanowni Państwo!

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Florjanowicz P.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2013

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issue 1-4

3-4

EN

Heritage preservation is a process. A process of identifying, researching, documenting, maintening, monitoring, documenting, etc. The process is a timely ordered sequence of changes or conditions occurring one after another. Each process is a function carrier, and functions make up the system. The heritage preservation is not a process that occurs in isolation. Instead, it plays a function important from the perspective of the human environment understood as a system in cultural, environmental, social and economic terms. Caring for the correctness of the protection of monuments, one cannot forget the context, causes and consequences of this process. This edition of “Ochrona Zabytków” (“Protection of Monuments”) reflects upon this. Traditionally, you can find precisely described examples of research and conservation works regarding a number of historic monuments. However, the theme of this edition is the heritage value from the economic perspective. It’s not about a commercial approach to monuments, but about perception and description of the importance of monuments for the modern socio-economic processes. An intelligent usage of heritage resources by man does not have to mean compromising their values. On the other hand, assigning social and economic context to the heritage values significantly increases chances for its preservation. An important voice in the debate on the economic potential of the cultural heritage was the 4th European Heritage Forum which took place in Wrocław in 2011 under the slogan “Value your heritage! The European heritage and economic development”. The conference, which was co-organized by the Council of Europe, the European Commission and the National Heritage Board of Poland, brought together more than 250 experts from dozens of countries around the world. It was one of the official events of the Polish Presidency over the Council of the European Union. It also became a turning point in the European debate on the importance of the heritage to the European economy, especially in times of crisis. At the end of its work, the 4th European Heritage Forum adopted a final declaration which reads as follows: The participants in the 4th European Heritage Forum, held in the city of Wrocław, Poland, on 10-12 October 2011: • recognising the value of heritage to society in this beautiful, historic and multicultural city and in all cities and territories throughout Europe; • noting a continued need in all sectors for a greater understanding of the potential which heritage can offer for quality of life and the needs for its integration in planning for an economically sustainable future; and • fully conscious of the current pressures upon resources, both public and private recommend, in the context of European Heritage Days activities, that: 1. all relevant actors should seek to balance the potential social, cultural and economic benefits when using heritage as a resource; 2. strategies should be developed for evaluating and demonstrating the positive economic and social benefits to local communities of conservation and access to the heritage; 3. a community-focussed approach has the potential to mobilise resources for sustainable heritage development, conservation and access; 4. the EHD programme should focus resources on increasing the European dimension, encouraging exchange, collaboration and cross-border event development, with the object of promoting a vision of a common European heritage. And, finally, recommend that future European Heritage Days be taken forward in the positive spirit and on the basis of our discussions here in Wrocław in a truly collaborative manner, emphasising diversity as a source of strength and not of division and highlighting our shared European heritage as well as our rich local, regional and national heritages. Declaration of Wrocław has become a corner stone laying the foundations for projects at local and European level, the common denominator of which is the search for answers to questions about how we should sustainably use the potential of the historic monuments, as nobody will dispute that it’s well worth doing it. Also the National Heritage Board of Poland has since launched a number of activities in this field: social studies, development of a model of heritage impact on the economy, and many more. A lot of work is still ahead of us, but today I encourage you to read the texts which are a major breakthrough in the way the process of historic preservation is perceived in a broader context, in accordance with the requirements of the twenty-first century. Paulina Florjanowicz Director of the National Heritage Board of Poland

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Drodzy Czytelnicy!

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Trzciński M., Wrzosek J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2017

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issue 2

3-4

EN

With this issue of “Ochrona Zabytków” we wish to honour the memory of the recently deceased Professor Leszek Kajzer, one of the most outstanding scholars and a pioneer of historical archaeology in Poland, for many years a member of Program Council of the National Heritage Board of Poland. The latest times have been the subject of interest of Polish archaeology only since recently. Even though the first research work concerning contemporary times was undertaken in the late 1960s, it played a marginal role, with the prevailing body of research focusing on a period spanning from prehistorical times to the Middle Ages and, with time, also on the early modern era. The situation changed drastically due to systemic transformations of 1989 and the related investment boom. Rescue archaeological excavations preceding the construction of gas pipelines, national roads and buildings in historic city centres quickly revealed, on a previously unprecedented scale, different types of objects roughly dating back to a period from the first half of the 19th century to 1945. Apart from items attributable to armed conflicts, there were also remains of once existing villages, manors, cemeteries or farm buildings. Initially, material artefacts of this type caused a lot of trouble to archaeologists. Insufficient background and historical knowledge made it difficult for researchers to determine whether objects examined by them should be classified as archaeological artefacts or not. At present, i.e. in the second decade of the 21st century, the situation seems to have stabilized to a certain extent. The items most often documented during rescue surveys that accompany the construction of national roads and controlled-access highways include, for example, settlement relics or traces of both world wars. A similar situation exists in cities, where more recent periods increasingly attract the interest of archaeologists, even though there are still many controversial conservation-related and legal issues connected with these archaeologically unexplored areas. It seems that changes to perceptions of contemporary archaeology are determined not only by archaeologists themselves. In a sense, social expectations have an effect on these perceptions, too. As a result, the new specializations that have emerged in archaeology of the most recent past include the archaeology of armed conflicts in the broadest sense of the term or narrowly specialized forensic archaeology, which are of great assistance to law enforcement and judicial authorities. Without any doubt, the dynamic development of research on the most recent history of Poland has also contributed to these changes. Realizing that not all problems have been solved and that archaeology of the contemporary past is only beginning to be noticed by archaeologists, we think that it is essential to publish as many research results as possible. And some of these results are being published, as evidenced by the recent publications. In our opinion, there is still an insufficient number of theoretical texts that would look into certain methodological or conservation-related issues. Trying to satisfy these needs, in October 2016 the National Heritage Board of Poland and the University of Wroclaw organized a conference entitled “Archaeology of the contemporary past”. One of the outcomes of that event is this publication. It presents, in a slightly modified and extended form, some of the topics discussed in Wroclaw. We have selected these and not the other articles so as to provide an insight into theoretical and problem-based approach, focusing on methodological reflections rather than on case studies. We hope that the presented volume will contribute to further development of archaeology of the contemporary past and that it will foster the debate on the most important issues pertaining to this branch of archaeology.

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Szanowni Czytelnicy!

80%

Siwek A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2019

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issue 2

3-8

11

Dziedzictwo kulturowe województwa wielkopolskiego w świetle danych Narodowego Instytutu Dziedzictwa. Przykład zabytków nieruchomych

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Siniecka A., Bogacka E.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

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2018

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issue 44

53-65

PL

Otaczające nas dziedzictwo kulturowe stanowi cenny zasób będący świadectwem naszej historii, którego zachowanie dla przyszłych pokoleń jest niezwykle istotne. Artykuł przedstawia dziedzictwo kulturowe w województwie wielkopolskim, regionie o szczególnym znaczeniu dla powstania i rozwoju całego państwa. Analizie zostały poddane zabytki nieruchome znajdujące się w rejestrze zabytków Narodowego Instytutu Dziedzictwa.

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Szanowni Państwo!

70%

Florjanowicz P.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2009

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issue 3

3-4

EN

Dear Readers, The issue o f “Ochrona Zabytków " that we are currently putting; into your hands constitutes the first step in the direction of major changes in our magazine, which is addressed to the Polish conservation professionals. Phis issue is a so-called transitory stage. A comprehensive article written by Zbigniew Kobyliński regarding scientific, conservation and ethical bases o f the philosophy o f protecting archaeological heritage, richly illustrated by examples from all over the world and supported by numerous legal arguments portrays the modern approach to archaeology; based on preventive conservation which relies on preservation o f authentic historical structure. Phis interpretation complies with the principles determined in the mission o f the National Heritage Hoard o f Poland which stipulates that the N1 IP is a national institution o f culture that creates bases for sustainable protection oj heritage - it collects and popularises knowledge about monuments, determines standards o f their protection and conservation a n d shapes social awareness for the purpose of preserving Poland 's cultural heritage f or future generations . The text referred to above and the very competent article on combating crime against archaeological monuments also constitute signals that archaeology is going to be a constant issue o f interest in our magazine. Issues rela ted to protection o f archaeological monuments, most numerous, most endangered and least recognized, require special support. The scope o f issues related to the heritage o f the past, and therefore subjects that we are trying to bring closer to you, is, obviously, very extensive. Starting from presentation o f painting masterpieces, such as the works o f Rembrandt from the collection of the Royal Castle in Warsaw - whose complex conservation process was discussed in chapter "Realisations " - to showing monuments that testify to perception o f art in rural areas, for example paintings in the late-Baroque church in Krosno (Warmia region). Two highly recommended texts that we would like to encourage you to read were written or co-written by the employees of our institution. Phis is another important change - we will use our best effort to make "Ochrona Zabytków ' a place where concepts and achievements resulting from conservation programmes currently implemented by our institution are presented. At the same time, we have the pleasure o f informing you that as o f January I, 2011 our institution will be transformed into the National Heritage Institute with an increased scope o f competences, pursuant to a decision o f the Minister o f Culture and National / leritage. The range o f our activities will be increased even more; "Ochrona Zabytków will also continue to develop and - hopefully - the circle o f its readers will keep growing. I invite you to read our periodical! Paulina Florjanowicz Director a. i. of the National Heritage Hoard of Poland

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Szanowni Państwo!

70%

Florjanowicz P.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2012

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issue 1-2

3-6

EN

The National Board of Poland, the publisher of the Ochrona Zabytków magazine, was established in 2011, but is already celebrating the 50th anniversary of its activity. How is that possible? The National Board of Poland, formerly the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments, is the legal successor of the Centre for Documentation of Monuments (CDM) – an institution to which the Polish conservation owes very much. CDM has been established by the then Minister of Culture and Art in 1962 and accomplished its tasks successfully for four successive decades. In 2002 the former CDM and the Centre for the Protection of Historic Landscape were merged to establish the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments (NCRDM), into which the Centre for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage was incorporated in 2007. In 2011, by the decision of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, NCRDM changed its name to the National Heritage Board of Poland. We decided to celebrate this magnificent anniversary with a special issue of our magazine. It will contain information about achievements of the Centre for Documentation of Monuments during 40 years of its existence and about the activities of the Centre for the Protection of Historic Landscape and the Centre for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage, i.e., the institutions on the basis of which NCRDM and later the National Heritage Board of Poland was established. The last jubilee issue of Ochrona Zabytków was published on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of CDM exactly 10 years ago, at the beginning of 2002 (Ochrona Zabytków no. 1, 2002). A few months later, CDM ceased to exist in its then-current structure. Its ideas were continued by the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments and later the National Heritage Board of Poland. However, the current jubilee issue is different from the one published 10 years ago. Successive articles were arranged in a manner showing the continuity of the mission of our institution; articles on historical topics are accompanied by texts of current employees of the National Heritage Board of Poland (NHB), who continue the presented projects, at the same time adapting them to contemporary expectations of recipients and making use of the latest methodology. Anyway, innovation was the trademark feature of CDM – after all, it was one of the first conservation institutions in the world that collected documentation about historic object resources of the entire country in a standardised manner. It is something worth remembering. In the changing reality, we have to adapt the methodology of our activities to challenges of contemporary times, but the mission of CDM that was defined in its statutes 50 years ago remains valid: „to improve the stock-taking of monuments for the rational planning of their reconstruction and conservation”. Obviously, monuments are no longer reconstructed today, but the mission of NHB is still to create the basis for the sustainable preservation of heritage by gathering and disseminating knowledge about historical monuments, by setting standards for their protection and conservation, and by raising the social awareness of Polish cultural heritage in order to preserve it for posterity. The National Heritage Board of Poland acts at the intersection of many different fields of activity of the state and society and, therefore, runs a multitude of projects addressed to diverse target groups. Consequently, it is extremely difficult to pass information about the full scope of our activity to all interested persons. This volume does not contain all articles concerning the entire activity of NHB, either. For instance, the entire area of international co-operation was not covered, including important issues such as the implementation of part of the provisions of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, or expert co-operation with the Council of Europe and the European Commission that has been carried out successfully for a few years. There is also no mention of our activity concerning the support of conservation initiatives in the Ukraine and Belarus or the long-term program of revitalisation of the Muskau Park, which is managed directly by NHB. The role of NHB in the recognition of the most valuable objects as Monuments of History and our intense efforts to create their strong brand are not mentioned, either. Many other areas of NHB’s activity were not covered as well – not because they are less important, but because there was not enough space to write about everything. However, the primary idea of this special issue of Ochrona Zabytków was to present the original tasks of CDM and the manner in which their implementation is continued by NHB today. And the number of these tasks is continuously increasing and there will be many opportunities to write about them, also in this magazine. According to the promise made in the previous issue, Ochrona Zabytków is being transformed into a more interesting magazine that reflects more closely real and current conservation issues. When preparing this special issue, we assumed that each of us had the right to include his own memories and we treat the published texts as authors’ works. This applies particularly to the authors who participated in activities of CDM and other predecessors of NHB and look back on 50 years of achievements from a slightly different perspective. Some of them contain critical remarks about our current activities, which we humbly accept and for which I would like to thank very much here. Articles by current employees of NHB were written according to a completely different principle – they contain no criticism of the past. This is not our role, because we feel that we continue the idea of CDM formulated 50 years ago and, in spite of various twists and turns of history, our task is to pursue this mission and try to fulfil it as best as possible. We do not want to criticise things from the past, but to evolve and adapt our current activities to requirements of contemporary times. I believe that we succeed in doing this and I hope that you have this feeling, too. Finally, let me wish all of you, including former and current employees and collaborators of CDM, CPHL, the Centre for Archaeological Rescue Research, CPAH, NCRDM and NHB, in particular all former directors of those renowned institutions, all the best on the occasion of the jubilee of the 50th anniversary. I would like to thank you for your work, knowledge and passion, because it is the passion, commitment and personal attitude to the tasks being undertaken that connects authors of past successes of CDM with today’s creators of the image of the National Heritage Board of Poland.

14

Szanowni Państwo, drodzy Czytelnicy, Autorzy i Recenzenci „Ochrony Zabytków”!

70%

Serafinowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

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issue 1

3-5

EN

We present to you another fascicle of jointly created periodical (in the current six-monthly form) – a collective work, which can be, without exaggeration, described as: joint effort. If I were to title it separately, the title would be: Between tangible and intangible heritage – the idea of comprehensive protection of the world’s cultural and natural heritage. It sounds elevated, maybe even pompous, however – as we know well – in the global perspective, there are diverse situations, a current example might be the devastated Aleppo, which is, after all, not the only site of crime against cultural heritage. The threads of intangible heritage, in this volume, both from the perspective of up-to-date UNESCO documents and conventions, and from the perspective of “archaeology of notions” and research on intangible heritage of the Polish rural areas, as well as the narratives of collective memory, constitute the first part of the volume. The second part, on the other hand, for a kind of a counterweight, is devoted only to tangible heritage, focusing on the issues of wooden architecture, and strictly speaking, on wooden sacral construction, on both sides of the Polish-Ukrainian border in which we see a tremendous potential for further common research and academic cooperation. The second part of the volume is concluded by an interesting article devoted to framework architecture of Uhlans’ barracks in Toruń. In the third, final part, we present articles of diverse subject matter, a considerable substantive significance, discussing, among others, Polish successes related to entries on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List to which the National Heritage Board of Poland contributed greatly, but also presenting hazards concerning possible further entries, which should not be forgotten, just like we should not forget about people of exceptional merits, whose profiles we recall. Let us return, however, to our reality and our questions about intangible heritage. What is it for an ordinary inhabitant of the country between the Odra River and the Bug River, how does our ordinary compatriot understand them and does he or she have keys to it, or has someone hidden it, to use a euphemism..? It seems there is a long march ahead of us. If today someone asked me about what I believe to be the most important throughout our entire spectrum of the intangible heritage, I would certainly reply: my homeland and my faith. And if I was asked what I would most gladly enter to the intangible heritage list, I would say: all Polish “żurawiejka” poems, even though they might be obscene, including my favourite, which I would not dare to quote. Not so long ago, on the occasion of a full, six-hundredth anniversary of concluding the Horodło Union, Kazimierz Wóycicki from the Eastern Europe Study Centre of the Warsaw University wrote: „We live in the 21st century, and we still think in categories of the 19th century. This happens because great narrations determining the sense of modern nations were created exactly in the 19th century, when the most important thing was defending identity against external impacts. Historiography of remembrance, dealing with social representations of the past, enables gaining a distance to those tales shaped in the 19th century, through a dialogue of narratives” and, at the same time, enables expansion of the methodological scope of research on phenomena related to intangible heritage. Dear Sirs and Madams, to conclude, I would like to give my regards to the entire editorial team, who for a few recent years, working with devotion, perfection and energy, have done truly a lot in the Kraków office – it can be said without a shade of exaggeration that they re-formatted and modernized the way of thinking about our periodical. I would like to thank wholeheartedly, not only on my own behalf, the editor Ms. Olga Dyba, the editorial secretary – Mr. Andrzej Siwek and the editor Mr. Tomasz Woźniak. Dear friends – you are real professionals, and a hard act to follow... Yours respectfully Jacek Serafinowicz Editor-in-Chief

15

„Ochrona zabytków numizmatycznych” Seminarium naukowe, Opole, 8 września 2011 r.

61%

Kaczorowska B., Kaczorowska M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2010

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issue 1-4

289-294

EN

A scientific seminar on protection of numismatic monuments organized by the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Opole and the Customs Chamber in Opole with the cooperation of the Financial Law Association „Aureus” took place on 8th September 2011 in Opole. There were two papers presented during the seminar, both accompanied with multimedia presentation. Marcin Sabaciński (National Heritage Board of Poland, Archeology Department) focused on the presentation of institutional system of monuments protection in Poland and Polish legal regulations on protection and care of cultural heritage. Michał Zawadzki (Director of Numismatic Collection of the Royal Castle in Warsaw) gave a paper on the numismatics as a scientific discipline and presented the main types of historical coins, banknotes and other collector’s items as well as the characteristics of the numismatic market in Poland. The participants of the discussion held during the seminar paid attention to the need for closer cooperation among different entities dealing with protection of monuments, as well as for appropriate legislative initiatives in this field.

16

Drodzy Czytelnicy,

61%

Rozbicka M.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2017

|

issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

5-6

EN

this year, for the first time in history, Poland will host the session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee which is scheduled to take place in Kraków between the 2nd and 12th of July. This prestigious event will, on one hand, undoubtedly constitute an immense organisational challenge for our country, on the other hand, it shall also give Poland a unique opportunity to present to this broad, international assembly not just the 14 properties which are already inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List, but also the remarkable richness and diversity of our cultural and natural heritage in general. The present supplement to the “Ochrona Zabytków” magazine was written with the general public in mind and is an extended version of the “World Heritage Review Special Issue” dedicated to World Heritage in Poland. WHR is a quarterly published by UNESCO available in English, French and Spanish. One’s a year it traditionally devotes a single issue to the cultural and natural heritage of the country which hosts the UNESCO World Heritage Committee session in the given year. To present the cultural and natural heritage of our country on a few dozen pages of WHR special issue was no easy task. We were forced to make a difficult selection of sites and topics. Finally, for obvious reasons, we focus on those sites which are most widely acknowledged by the international community and inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. However, we have made efforts to present our heritage in the broader context of the entire range of historic monuments which exist in our country as well as to show how our monument protection system operates and how it evolved to become what it is today. The supplement to the “Ochrona Zabytków” which you hold in your hands today has been prepared in both Polish and English, allowing the greatest possible number of Readers to become acquainted with the contents that could not have been published on the pages of “World Heritage Review” in full due to limitations of the publisher. Two main parts of this supplement are: the articles which describe the system that was put in place in order to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage within the territory of Poland; and richly illustrated presentations dedicated to the 14 World Heritage properties, presenting the wide range of problems related to their protection, conservation and management. In order to emphasise the fact that heritage remains inextricably linked with human lives, the third section includes a series of essays containing the recollections, reflections and experiences of persons who have become associated with the selected World Heritage properties in Poland in a variety of ways. The final article is no less important than the rest, for it is devoted entirely to the UNESCO Memory of the World programme. It is intended to draw our attention to the associations between documentary heritage and the effective protection of our historic monuments as well as its significance in this regard. To conclude, I sincerely hope that the contents of the present volume, prepared in connection with the 41st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, will arouse kind interest not only among faithful Readers of our magazine. prof. dr MAŁGORZATA ROZBICKA Director of National Heritage Board Of Poland

17

Szanowni Państwo,

61%

Gliński P.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2017

|

issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

7-8

EN

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) was born out of the most tragic experience suffered by Europe and the world. The World War II cost millions of human lives and led to the loss of vast cultural resources and the annihilation of entire cities. It was at that time that the idea began to emerge that “since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed”, which was subsequently included in the Preamble to the UNESCO Constitution. Poland was among the founding states of the new organisation and soon joined in its activities. Looking from behind the Iron Curtain, Poles saw UNESCO as a window onto the world and a platform for the exchange of ideas as well as contacts with other countries. Today, after more than seven decades of extensive international cooperation, Poland has the great honour of organising the 41st session of the World Heritage Committee and of hosting representatives of 193 countries around the world, who are prominent experts involved in the preservation of humanity’s most valuable resources. It is also a unique opportunity to present our country’s cultural achievements and heritage. Art galleries, museums, jazz concerts, openair exhibitions, and film screenings are all part of the vibrant cultural landscape of contemporary Poland. Our experience in rescuing cultural heritage has become a well-established tradition. The expertise of Polish archaeologists and monument protection specialists has served not only in the grand project of rebuilding Polish cultural heritage destroyed during the World War II, but also in rescuing endangered sites around the globe, notably in the Middle and Far East. Poland’s active participation in UNESCO structures has also left a mark in the legal field. The Polish professor Jan Zachwatowicz co-authored the Hague Convention of 1954 and designed the ‘Blue Shield’ sign which has become recognisable around the world. The ratification of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1976 paved the way for Polish entries on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As many as 14 sites representing the diversity and richness of Polish culture and history have been identified as worthy of recognition for their Outstanding Universal Value. The sites on the World Heritage List in Poland include Kraków, a city with an unbroken continuity of material culture, and Warsaw’s reconstructed historic Old Town with the Royal Castle. The beauty of historic Kraków and the power of Warsaw reborn from the ashes are two important components of Polish identity. UNESCO’s Memory of the World International Register also comprises the archives of the Warsaw Reconstruction Office set up after the war. In today’s world, marked by the tragedy of Aleppo and the plight of Palmyra, the reconstruction of Warsaw and the painstaking efforts to restore its monuments offer a positive message to all those who have lost their cities in war. Indeed, instead of marking the end of its existence, the destruction of a city may become the beginning of its reconstruction. I hope you enjoy this special issue of the “Ochrona Zabytków”, devoted to various aspects of the preservation of Polish cultural heritage. Let me also take this opportunity to wish all the participants of the 41st Session of the World Heritage Committee fruitful discussions, a great time, and a memorable stay in Kraków. prof. dr. PIOTR GLIŃSKI Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Culture and National Heritage

18

Szanowni Państwo, Drodzy Czytelnicy,

61%

Majchrowski J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2017

|

issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.

9-10

EN

It was with pride that I learned about the selection of Kraków as the host city of the 41st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. I find the role of host of this exceptional event a truly great honour, especially that the mission and values of UNESCO are exceedingly important to Kraków. Kraków was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 as one of the very first 12 sites in the world. It is not only an age-old centre of European culture with the priceless and completely preserved fabric of a mediaeval urban complex, a cradle of Polish statehood, and the most ancient university in this part of Europe. It is also one of the most eagerly visited tourist destinations in Poland. A city focused on the future, complementing its heritage with creativity and recognising culture as the foundation of its development. The title of European Capital of Culture 2000 and the important festival projects initiated at that time marked a symbolic return of the city to its due place in the family of cities – cradles of European culture and thought. Since that time Kraków, which boasts a very dense network of museums and is a living hub of music, film, theatre and literature, has developed new institutions of culture. Thanks to the significant concentration of the publishing sector, the spiritual patronage of Stanisław Lem and Kraków Nobel prize winners – Czesław Miłosz and Wisława Szymborska – Kraków has recently been recognised as UNESCO’s City of Literature. As a member of the International Cities of Refuge Network (ICORN), Kraków provides shelter to persecuted artists from all over the world, while the quality of its programmes and intersectoral cooperation, intended to develop a friendly location with thriving diversity, earned the city the IFEA World Festival & Event City title. Contemporary Kraków is a dynamic academic centre, home to 23 institutions of higher education attended by over 180,000 students. This huge accumulation of talent and knowledge attracts international business, think tanks and research projects, having become a significant centre of business and business support services. The city’s historic fabric reflects a tradition of multiculturalism and tolerance that has fuelled Kraków’s development over the centuries. Reminders of the time when it was the Royal Capital of Poland and the birthplace of Polish literary language, as well as tales of the treasures of Kraków’s libraries and monasteries, intertwine with mediaeval heritage brought by settlers from Germany and the entire continent of Europe, the creative contribution of the vibrant Jewish community, and the dynamic social transformations in post-war Poland which meld together into combinations and an urban narrative found nowhere else in the world. Kraków is a true gateway and a meeting place with the lavish cultures of Central and Eastern Europe, the locus of the flow and the creative clash of thoughts best embodied by the figure of Lajkonik – the hobbyhorse of Kraków: a local, folk figure impersonating a Tatar Rider cavorting every year in the city streets to commemorate an incursion that took place eight centuries ago, bringing luck to locals and tourists alike with a touch of his mace. The care for such a rich material and intangible heritage is a special obligation on us. Kraków has been Poland’s first city to have the cultural park regulations introduced to help safeguard authenticity and beauty of its historic centre. Thanks to the long-term involvement of national funds, but also of highly efficient local programmes, we have already revived and beautified the historic centre for years, combining diligent care for the past with a daring and courageous outlook to the future. I encourage all of you to become familiar with the texts collected in this issue, presenting Kraków against the broad background of the cultural heritage of Poland. Let them become the best encouragement and invitation to visiting our country, and an inspiration for a better insight into Kraków itself: the host city of the 41st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. JACEK MAJCHROWSKI Mayor of Kraków

19

Inwentaryzacja dzieł sztuki i rzemiosła artystycznego w dawnym klasztorze Cystersów w Krzeszowie

51%

Sebzda B.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2012

|

issue 3-4

161-164

EN

The complex of the former Cistercian Abbey at Krzeszów has a long history that dates back to the 13th century. Its heyday were the second half of the 17th and the 18th centuries, when refurbishments and expansions made it an important centre of Baroque, that attracted the then leading Silesian and Czech artists. On 31 May 1946, Benedictine sisters deported from the All Saints’ monastery in Lwów (Lviv) arrived at the abbey with their belongings. They noticed the need to record the works of art collected in the Krzeszów monastery. The inventory has been carried out by the Local Division of the National Heritage Board of Poland (NHBP) in Wrocław, since 2008. In December 2012, the first phase of the operation was concluded. Until then, 1006 items were registered, for which 710 records of movable historical items were established. The records, developed by the Local Division of the NHBP in Wrocław in the years 2008-2012, set the basis for three decisions to include in the register of historical monuments 416 works of art from both the Krzeszów and Lwów collections. Another such decision is currently being prepared. Previous decisions enabled the sisters to gain funds necessary to renovate the Baroque painting of St. Fortunate from the Lwów monastery church, as well as 12 portraits of Lwów prioresses. The developed records were disseminated in the scientific and museum communities, i.a. as an auxiliary material attached to a publication on Roman-Catholic churches and monasteries of the former Ruthenian Voivodeship. Works of art from the abbey were first displayed at the exhibitions “Glory of Krzeszów” („Blask Krzeszowa”) and „Ora et labora” at Kamienna Góra in 2010-2012. The inventory completed until now, covers works of art from the Cistercian and Benedictine collections. The planned second phase of operation will mainly address the items the Benedictine sisters managed to salvage, by bringing them to Krzeszów.

20

Wspólny temat i ogólnopolska inauguracja – dalszy rozwój Europejskich Dni Dziedzictwa w Polsce

41%

Rembacz M.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2012

|

issue 1-2

187-190

EN

In 2007, the National Heritage Board of Poland (at that time the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments) as the Polish nationwide co-ordinator of celebrations of European Heritage Days (EHD) proposed the common guiding topic of EHD for the first time. Making use of European Heritage Days as a tool for reinforcement of joint social responsibility for the condition of monuments and being supported by selfgovernment authorities, dozens of non-governmental organisations, hundreds of organisers of particular events and the Polish nationwide and regional media, we managed to create within a few years our own formula of this oldest cultural program in Europe. European Heritage Days in Poland comprise mainly an educational programme, exhibitions, excursions, lectures, games and competitions aimed at familiarising local communities with the history of their lands. The first common topic of European Heritage Days in Poland was entitled “People of the Road. Travellers, Pilgrims, Wanderers”. We discovered roadside shrines, inns and local monuments of technology, at the same time focusing on traditions and rituals accompanying them. In 2008, the guiding topic was: „The Roots of Tradition. From Patrimony to Homeland”. The joint search for the roots of the Polish culture and references to the multicultural society and the tradition of tolerance dating back to the Commonwealth of the Two Nations helped to emphasise important aspects of life of every human being – its identity and sense of belonging that leads to the formation of the sense of national value. In 2009, the topic of EHD – „To the Rescue of Monuments! On the Route of Gords, Castles and Fortresses” was connected with a campaign for the protection of military monuments. In 2010, the topic „From Idea to Industry” became an opportunity to focus the society’s attention on industrial objects, which very often had not been perceived as monuments until then. The year 2011 ran under the slogan „Milestones”. This time we wanted to draw attention to Poland’s contribution to the development of Europe throughout history. The key to the effective preservation of heritage is to involve local communities in taking care of it. European Heritage Days are an excellent opportunity to do so, as they gather the local community together so that it could discover local monuments and learn the history and intangible values of its own region, thus improving the knowledge of our common history.

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Inwentaryzacja dzieł sztuki i rzemiosła artystycznego w dawnym klasztorze Cystersów w Krzeszowie

Wspólny temat i ogólnopolska inauguracja – dalszy rozwój Europejskich Dni Dziedzictwa w Polsce