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EN
The following article is aimed at presenting definitions and typologies concerning the issues of representation in the Polish legal system. Synonymous or interchangeable usage of legal terminology concerning representation in economic activity may lead to considerable disruption to proper functioning of civil law entities, and especially commercial law entities.
EN
The opinion deals with a bill to improve the organization of business registration system. Positive assessment is given to its provisions aimed at deleting those entities which have not so far been re-registered in the National Court Register (KRS). It was also pointed out in the opinion that the exclusion of the liquidation proceedings for dissolution of entities entered into KRS in relation to the events that took place before the entry into force of the new regulations, may breach the lex retro non agit principle. The basis and preconditions for free acquisition by the State Treasury – by the operation of law – of ownership and other property rights are in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. However, it would be advisable to indicate in the bill of another moment of acquisition of property by the State Treasury. The proposed provisions relating to: annual limitation period (preclusive term) for claiming compensation from the Treasury, counted from the moment of acquisition of property deleted from the register of the entity and the final date for filing an action for enforcement, on claims confirmed by a writ of execution, may be questionable from the point of view of conformity with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
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The article deals with the relations between legal guardians appointed on the basis of the Polish Civil Code – Article 42. and the National Court Register Law – Article 26. Both guardians are constituted by the register court. First is nominated, when the legal entity cannot be functional, because of the lack in its bodies. Second is nominated only in public and limited liability companies, when the legal entity neglects its duties. As a result, both taken into account legal guardians should be treated as separate, legal institutions. This leads to the conclusion that the above mentioned guardians can act for the legal entity at the same time.
PL
W niniejszym artykule zostały omówione problemy, jakie powstają wskutek dokonania fikcyjnego wpisu do Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego. Dotyczy to zarówno postępowania rejestrowego, jak i innych postępowań cywilnych, podatkowych oraz karnych. Wiąże się to z zagrożeniem pewności i bezpieczeństwa obrotu, gdyż często osoby trzecie korzystające z danych zawartych w tym rejestrze mogą zostać wprowadzeni w błąd za pomocą fikcyjnego adresu. Poza tym przedsiębiorcy często podejmują próby omijania prawa związanego w szczególności ze składkami z tytułu ubezpieczeń społecznych i podatkami, korzystając z fikcyjnego adresu. Ponadto wykorzystuje się do tego celu wirtualne biura. Ich powstawanie wiąże się jednak także z rozwojem techniki i możliwości prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej mimo niewielkiej powierzchni lokalu stanowiącego siedzibę przedsiębiorcy. W artykule rozważano także kwestię wprowadzenia nowego czynu karalnego zakazującego wpisywania fikcyjnego adresu do Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego.
EN
The article analyses arising problems, which are connected with making an entry to National Court Register. It involves the both register proceedings and another civil proceedings, tax proceedings as well as criminal proceedings. It is related to danger for the certainty and safety of economic trade, because third parties often use the data, which is contained in National Court Register. The fictional address could mislead them. Besides entrepreneurs often try to avoid the regulations, especially connected with social security contributions and taxes by the fictional address. To reach this aim, they use virtual offices. Arising virtual offices are related to technological development and possibility to conduct the business in the small apartment, which is the registered office of entrepreneur too. Moreover the author also considers an introduction of new offence, which could prohibit the practice of making fictional entry to National Court Register
5
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Rejestry przedsiębiorców a ochrona danych osobowych

63%
EN
Currently, in Polish law there are different regulations regarding the protection of personal data of entrepreneurs depending on whether they are natural persons disclosed in the Central Register and Information on Business Activity or are other entities (capital companies, foundations, partnerships etc.), disclosed in the National Court Register. Explicit data provided by the Central Registry are generally subject to the Act of 29 August 1997 on the protection of personal data. The entities that process data contained therein must perform only certain duties. None of the provisions of the Act are applied to entrepreneurs disclosed in the National Court Register. These data are not protected by the Act if they do not apply to natural persons. The personal data of natural persons disclosed in this Register are covered by the protection of the Act, if they are used for purposes other than their identification as performing functions in commercial companies or as persons appearing in the register of insolvent debtors.
EN
The object of the study is specifying the moment of acquiring and losing the status of an entrepreneur, understood as the legal situation, determined by the whole set of entrepreneurs’ rights and obligations. Indicating the moment of acquiring and losing the status of an entrepreneur is crucial for defining the principles, on the basis of which a given subject takes part in the economic turnover. For obtaining the status of an entrepreneur means that all actions undertaken by a given subject will be governed by a legal framework appropriate for professional participants in professional economic turnover, which is directly translated into a special formation of rights and obligations of that subjects, both towards the remaining participants of economic turnover, and towards the state and public administration authorities. The study is aimed at indicating the criteria that might serve for possibly the most precise specification of the moment of acquiring and losing the status of entrepreneur, and especially establishing the meaning of the following in this field: getting or losing the legal competence to be a subject of entrepreneur’s rights and obligations; applying for entry into the Central Records and Information on Economic Activity; obtaining the entry or crossing out of the register of entrepreneurs of the National Court Register and the actual taking up or ceasing to perform the economic activity.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest określenie momentu nabycia i utraty statusu przedsiębiorcy, rozumianego jako sytuacja prawna determinowana całokształtem przysługujących przedsiębiorcy praw i obowiązków. Wskazanie momentu nabycia i utraty statusu przedsiębiorcy jest kluczowe dla określenia zasad udziału danego podmiotu w obrocie gospodarczym. Uzyskanie statusu przedsiębiorcy oznacza bowiem, że wszystkie czynności podejmowane przez dany podmiot będą podlegały reżimowi właściwemu profesjonalnym uczestnikom obrotu gospodarczego, co bezpośrednio przekłada się na szczególne ukształtowanie praw i obowiązków tego podmiotu tak względem pozostałych uczestników obrotu gospodarczego, jak i względem państwa i organów administracji publicznej. Opracowanie ma na celu wskazanie kryteriów, które mogą posłużyć do możliwie najbardziej precyzyjnego określenia momentu uzyskania i utraty statusu przedsiębiorcy, a w szczególności ustalenie, jakie znaczenie w tym zakresie mogą mieć: nabycie bądź utrata zdolności prawnej do bycia podmiotem praw i obowiązków przedsiębiorcy; złożenie wniosku o wpis do Centralnej Ewidencji i Informacji o Działalności Gospodarczej; uzyskanie wpisu lub wykreślenie z rejestru przedsiębiorców Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego oraz faktyczne podjęcie bądź zaprzestanie wykonywania działalności gospodarczej.
EN
The existence and participation of legal persons in the market makes it necessary to verify the persons representing them to perform actions on their behalf. Information about artificial persons — including the rules of representation and persons entitled to represent them — is available due to their disclosure in the National Court Register. However, it may happen that for whatever reason the register’s information may not correspond to the actual legal status. The provisions of the National Court Register Act provide for the possibility of such a situation, but the normative regulation does not settle all controversies in a satisfactory manner. The article tries to answer the question how the legal person can demonstrate the rightfulness of its representation when the composition of the relevant bodies does not coincide with the composition disclosed in the National Court Register. In the current legal situation, the problem is opened whether and how the legal person can demonstrate the correctness of the representation when the composition of the relevant bodies does not coincide with the composition disclosed in the National Court Register. The consequence of this problem is the issue of the assessment of liability for improper performance of the undertaking, if as a result of the said discrepancy, the obligation will be breached (e.g. as a result of the failure to conclude a preliminary contract within the prescribed period).The author tries to solve these problems and settle the controversies arising, referring to the views of his own thoughts and views of doctrine and jurisprudence. The position presented in the article is the result of an analysis of the applicable legal provisions, especially the National Court Register Act, and the jurisprudence and doctrine resulting from it.
PL
Współcześnie w lidze zawodowej w grach zespołowych mogą występować jedynie spółki akcyjne. Jednakże, pomimo że spor-towa spółka akcyjna została usunięta z polskiego systemu prawnego na mocy ustawy o sporcie kwalifikowanym z 2005 r., a wyznaczony przez ustawodawcę termin na dostosowanie form działania klubów sportowych do wymogów tejże ustawy już dawno upłynął, dalej można zaobserwować wiele klubów sportowych posługujących się oznaczeniem zawierającym dodatek „sportowa spółka akcyjna”. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zbadanie przyczyn, a następnie dokonanie oceny zgodności z prawem posługiwania się powyższym oznaczeniem. Ponadto stanowi także próbę wskazania potencjalnie najkorzystniejszego rozwiązania w przedmiotowym zakresie.
EN
Nowadays only joint stock companies are able to take part in Polish professional leagues. Despite the fact that sports joint stock was removed from the Polish legal system in 2005, we can still observe a number of sports clubs functioning in law and business transactions as sports joint stock companies. This article refers to the main reasons for using identification „sport joint stock company” by current sports clubs. Moreover, the author tries to asses compliance of using this identification with the article 305 of the Code of Commercial Companies. Consequently, the author also considers possible solutions to the problem of illegal identification.
EN
The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of developing model statutes of a registered association in order to include the registration of associations in the S24 system (which allows electronic one-day registration of entities). The inclusion of associations in the S24 system could significantly speed up their registration with the National Court Register. Currently, this process takes – depending on the court - from several weeks to several months, which makes the process of association more difficult. The concept of developing model statutes for a registered association is based on applied solutions for certain types of companies. The paper also presents actions taken by the non governmental side to implement the above solution and briefly recalls the most important legal changes undertaken over the last thirty years, affecting the registration of associations in Poland.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie koncepcji opracowania wzorca statutu stowarzyszenia rejestrowego w celu włączenia rejestracji stowarzyszeń w system S24 (umożliwiający elektroniczną jednodniową rejestrację podmiotów). Włączenie stowarzyszeń w system S24 mogłoby znacznie przyspieszyć ich rejestrację w Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym. Obecnie proces ten trwa – w zależności od sądu – od kilku tygodni do kilku miesięcy, co utrudnia możliwości zrzeszania się. Koncepcja opracowania wzorca statutu stowarzyszenia rejestrowego opiera się na stosowanych rozwiązaniach dla niektórych typów spółek. W artykule przedstawiono także działania podjęte przez stronę pozarządową na rzecz wdrożenia powyższego rozwiązania oraz krótko przypomniano najważniejsze zmiany prawne podejmowane w ostatnich trzydziestu latach, mające wpływ na rejestrację stowarzyszeń w Polsce.
PL
W Polsce nie ma obecnie jednego rejestru, do którego małżonkowie wpisywaliby zawarte małżeńskie umowy majątkowe. Częściowo rolę tę spełnia CEDIG oraz KRS. Rejestry nie powodują skuteczności majątkowych umów małżeńskich. Nie wpisuje się do nich rodzaju umowy majątkowej małżeńskiej, a do CEIDG także samego faktu zawarcia umowy.
EN
In Poland, there are no registry to which spouses would enter marital property agreements. Partially fulfills this role Central Registration and Information on Business and National Court Register. The registers do not cause the effectiveness of marital property agreements. The spouse could not enter to them the kind of marital property agreement and to Central Registration and Information on Business also the fact of concluding the contract.
EN
This analysis presents legally substantive and formal prerequisites of a) creating a foundation, non-public school of higher education and commercial partnership, b) obtaining legal personality by foundations and schools of high er education and obtaining legal capacity by partnerships. However, first and foremost, this analysis presents some particular problems related to the transfer of ownership right or perpetual usufruct right to the property to the abovementioned entities by their creators; this is about whether the said transactions are both binding and dispositive or only dispositive. Moreover, it includes the explanation concerning the role of a notary performing the transfer of ownership or perpetual usufruct right to the property.
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