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EN
This article analyses in the first part activities of the Czech National Council (NRČ) in the last Cisleithanian census, when it played the role of an authoritative national institution, organizing private censusesamong Czech minority communities, publishing educational materials and using print media in a modern way to promote its interests and communicate its position on the census to readers abroad. The second part is focused on activities of the Czechoslovak National Council in the population census 1921 and 1930. The author monitors media discourseand the language of propaganda between the members of NRČ and in the network of co-workers.
EN
The Teschen region experienced complex and throughout its historical development variable ethnical structure. At the beginning of the 19th century, Silesians were still considered to be a single nation, which had been divided as a result of the Habsburgs’ defeat in the Silesian Wars. Language was not considered a criterion for national identity. At first the Czech and Polish communities worked together in the national political fight against Germans, but from 1880s onwards the Czech-Polish rivalry with strong manifestations of animosity prevailed. The tensions escalated during the censuses in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 when respondents declared one or another language of daily use (Umgangssprache). Thousands of immigrants especially from Galicia but also from Bohemian and Moravian midland streamed into the industrial parts of Teschen region. The battle to “recruit” these migrants was a characteristic feature of the nationalist agitation in the censuses.
EN
The main topic of the article is the identity of Pilsen, a city in Western Bohemia, from 1860 to the end of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1938. The aim is to show several ‘proposals’ of the identity and to examine why some of them won and other vanished. The author is therefore seeking the answer to the question how is the urban identity formed, why is it gaining support (and vice versa), who articulates it and where lies the main legitimization. This is all happening during complex social processes. In 1938, Pilsen was town renown for its industry and it was home to many political and nationalist organizations. However, industrialization (or generally speaking modernization), modern nationalism and mass political movements were quite weak or even absent in 1860. Urban identity was to a certain extent formed by these processes. Black Pilsen was associated with the industry, Red Pilsen with the socialist movement and Loyal Pilsen with the nationalist movement. But we should not think of it as a mechanical process, meanings could change and do. Identity, self-understanding and self-projection, is not independent of the will and abilities of people. The method of this article could thus be compared to a dialogue, dialogue between Czechs and Germans, between the political parties, between the elites and their clients, between the region and the center. It could be one-sided dialogue, but dialogue still.
EN
Any work that takes a thorough look at the problem of nationality requires a kind of common ground in the form of a consensus about such basic terms as people and nation. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire the main problem was the complexity of factors and the lack of unity, which also affected Austria’s special matter of nationality. Specifically, Austria witnessed the mutual opposition of three elements. Amidst the conflict of different ethnic groups and the historical kingdoms and provinces with the central power, ethnic groups made increasingly significant and radical demands as opposed to the other two groups. While this work also seeks to use consistent terms, it shifts the focus from the creation of unambiguous definitions to generally recognised historical development processes, such as the role of the slogans of popular sovereignty and equal rights in the definition of nation, and to trends in the scholarly interpretation of people and nation in the 19th century
EN
The article concerns problem of cultural analysis of Herta Müller’s literary works. The author, which received 2009 literary Nobel Prize, is one of the most influential German writers. It is a short presentation of the main issues showed in her literary output in comparison with critical studies.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na analizie kulturowej utworów Herty Müller. Autorka, która w 2009 roku otrzymała literacką Nagrodę Nobla, jest jedną z najbardziej wpływowych pisarek niemieckich. Tekst jest krótką prezentacją głównych zagadnień kulturowych przedstawionych w jej utworach wraz z porównaniem stanu badań.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia, w jaki sposób postrzeganie nie/normatywnego ciała zmienia się, kiedy płeć krzyżuje się z kategorią narodowości i (braku) sukcesu. Podjęta jest dyskusja, w jaki sposób te dwa czynniki, narodowość i sukces, wpływają na: (1) wybory sportowej publiczności, (2) postrzeganie wyglądu zawodniczek, (3) postrzeganie sportu jako „kobiecego” versus „męskiego”. Artykuł opiera się na koncepcji intersekcjonalności i odwołuje do badań własnych zrealizowanych w latach 2012 i 2013 oraz analizy dyskursu wybranych przypadków.
EN
The article presents how the perception of non-normative corporeality changes when gender intersects with the category of nationality and (the lack of) success. It discusses how both of these factors, nationality and success, affect: (1) the choices made by the audience of sports events, (2) the perception of the appearance of individual athletes, and (3) the perception of sport as feminine versus masculine. The article is based on the intersectionality concept and refers to the author’s own research conducted in 2012 and 2013, as well as to the discourse analysis of the selected cases studies.
EN
This article is a comparative analysis of biographies of the two women. One of them lives in Elk, Poland and the other in Swiecionys, Lithuania. Both of them live in the areas where came from their ancestors, from generation to generation. Both of them were born in the 20’s of the 20th century in the villages situated nearby the towns they are currently living, however their homes used to be in different countries than nowadays. Before the World War 2, both Vilnius Region and Eastern Prussia were multicultural, multilingual and multi-denominational with one major religion, to which followers belonged both characters of the analysed biographies. Local customs of different provenance were characteristic for the whole village, irrespectively of its inhabitants’ identities. The end of World War 2 and the change of the borders became a traumatic experience for young at that time girls. They were forced to make difficult decisions, to choose their state and their nationality, to decide about their personal life and about separation from their close family. The both women were not involved in the war, neither military nor politically. However, they both were afflicted by political decisions made by the victors of the war, which were the consequences of the actions of those who started that war. The sense of identity of ordinary people living in multicultural areas, which are changing their statehood in different historical periods, is very complex and difficult. The aim of this article is to show the factors which can influence on national and cultural identity of ordinary people living in areas, where the statehood has changed.
PL
Zdolność państw do podejmowania samodzielnych decyzji w przedmiocie nabycia i utraty obywatelstwa krajowego zawsze była uważana za nieodzowny element suwerenności państwowej. Na gruncie prawa UE, państwa członkowskie zachowują te uprawnienia. Biorąc natomiast pod uwagę, że obywatelstwo UE zostało oparte na obywatelstwie krajowym, to państwa członkowskie są w istocie władne określać, jakie osoby uzyskają status obywatela UE i związane z tym statusem uprawnienia. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba ustalenia, w jakim stopniu ustanowienie obywatelstwa UE wpłynęło na kompetencję państw członkowskich do decydowania o sprawach związanych z obywatelstwem krajowym.
EN
The ability of a state to decide freely on the conditions of obtaining or forfeiting its national citizenship has always been perceived as a core element of sovereignty. Within the legal framework of the EU, the member states have remained competent to regulate the question of who qualifies as a national. However, taking into account that EU citizenship is founded on citizenships of the member states, it is incumbent on them to determine who is to be classified as an EU citizen and consequently, who can enjoy the accompanying rights. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the degree to which the member states’ competence to regulate nationality matters has been affected by the introduction of EU citizenship.
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