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1

Apostata, heretyk, prorok czy mędrzec?

100%

Bocian J.

Nurt SVD

|

2019

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issue 1

221-235

PL

Artykuł przedstawia refleksję religijno-teologiczną, dotyczącą życia i działalności panującego w latach 1350-1334 przed Chr. faraona XVIII dynastii Egiptu Echnatona (Amenhotepa IV). Jakkolwiek posiadane dokumenty nie są zbyt liczne, a osoba władcy jest postacią nadzwyczaj kontrowersyjną, jednakże jego działalność warta jest szczególnego rozważenia. Po krótkim przedstawieniu życiorysu monarchy autor ukazał doktrynę atonizmu – monoteistycznej religii głoszonej i narzucanej poddanym przez faraona. Następnie rozważył, jakie przyczyny mogły doprowadzić do przyjęcia tej religii przez władcę. Zwrócił uwagę na podobieństwa pomiędzy atonizmem a jahwizmem (mozaizmem-judaizmem). Jedną z możliwych przyczyn religijnej rewolucji Echnatona była próba intelektualnego (logicznego) spojrzenia na problem religii starożytnych Egipcjan. Autor ukazał postać Echnatona i jego małżonki Nefertiti jako przykład racjonalnego podejścia do wyznawanej religii.

EN

The article presents a religious and theological reflection with regard to the life and activity of the Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), prevailing in the years 1350-1334 before Christ. Although the available documents are not very numerous, and the person of the ruler is an extremely controversial figure, his activity is worth considering. After a short presentation of the monarch’s biography, the author showed the doctrine of Atonism – a monotheistic religion that the pharaoh proclaimed and imposed on his subjects. Then he considered what reasons could lead to the adoption of this religion by the ruler. He drew attention to the similarities between Atonism and Jahvism (Mosaism-Judaism). One of the possible causes of the religious revolution of Akhenaten was the attempt of an intellectual (logical) look at the issue of the religion of ancient Egyptians. The author showed the figure of Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti as an example of a rational approach to religion.

2

Rola Nefertiti w religii i polityce okresu amarneńskiego

71%

Kloska M.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2016

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vol. 21

149-175

PL

Nefertiti, the wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, fulfilled several important functions in both the religion and politics of the Amarna Period. The very name of Nefertiti, Nfr-nfr.w-jtn nfr.t-jj.tj, which translates as The Beautiful is Beauty of Aten, The Beautiful One Has Come, shows how important was the role she played in representing the qualities of the sun god Akhetaten. Nefertiti was presented as The Great Wife of the King but also The Lady of the Two Lands. These titles are indicative of her strong position in politics, because in ancient Egypt, religion and ideology of royal power were inextricably linked. Apparently, the queen was identified with the ruler. This is evidenced, for example, in the scenes from talatat, where Nefertiti was presented on the board of a ceremonial ship pulling a captive by his or her hair and massacring him or her with a khepesh sword, held in the other hand. Very important is the sacral dimension of Nefertiti, because apart from holding significant religious and political functions, she was also deified. Nefertiti’s divine status is best illustrated and confirmed in Akhenaten’s sarcophagus. At each corner, the queen is shown with outstretched arms, covering and protecting the deceased ruler. Recent discoveries in great Wadi Dayr Abu Hinnis indicate that in 16 Year of Akhenaten’s reign, Nefertiti was still alive and was the highest queen. This sheds new light on the Amarna Period. It cannot be ruled out that Nefertiti, as Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaton, held the function of Akhenaten’s coregent, and after her husband’s death, ruled independently as Anchcheperure Semenchakare.

3

The symbolism and function of the Window of Appearance in the Amarna Period

62%

Kloska M. M.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2019

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vol. 24

77-98

PL

During the reign of the Amarna spouses, giving gold necklaces to royal officials took place (almost always) from the so-called Window of Appearance. From them, Akhenaten and Nefertiti, often with princesses, honoured deserved and devoted dignitaries. The popularity of the Window of Appearance closely relates to the introduction of a new religious system introduced by Akhenaten and Nefertiti. According to the new religion, Akhenaten and Nefertiti were a pair of divine twins like Shu and Tefnut, who in the Heliopolitan theology, were the children of the god Atum – replaced by Aten in Amarna. The royal couple prayed to the main solar god, while their subjects prayed to the king and queen. Since Akhenaten performed the role of a priest through whom ordinary people could pray to the god, it was necessary to createa construction that would allow the king to meet with his subjects publicly. The Window of Appearance was such architectural innovation. It was crucial because the king was an intermediator between the people and the only right sun god, Aten. The Windows of Appearance were probably located in various places in Akhetaten, including the Great Palace, the King’s House, the North Palace, the Small Aten Temple and in the temples of the Sunshades of Re in the Kom el-Nana and Maru-Aten. The characteristic shape of the Window of Appearance often appears in the architecture and the art of the Amarna Period. The structure resembles the Axt hieroglyph, which is the morning sun rising between two hills. This symbol is a part of the name of the new capital Axt-itn – The Horizon of Aten.

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2 Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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1 Kloska M. M.

Apostata, heretyk, prorok czy mędrzec?

Rola Nefertiti w religii i polityce okresu amarneńskiego

The symbolism and function of the Window of Appearance in the Amarna Period