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EN
Main subject of the article is New York as a place which has a big influence on identity and works of Frank O'Hara. This influence is represented through three perspectives. First of all, New York as a place, where O'Hara had lived, worked and written. Second, it was an element of his everyday life, which at the same time was the main subject of his esthetic experience. At last, experience of the city created his identity as a New York poet and has the main influence on the style and subject of his poetry. New York is a multicultural metropolis which does not build stable but dispersed identity immersed into experience of the city.
EN
This is the second part of an article devoted to people who made a lot of effort to build an independent research institute with an archival base dedicated to promoting knowledge about Poland and its history. The Józef Piłsudski Institute was financially supported by the Polish community abroad, membership fees, and larger donations by some of its members and sympathisers.
EN
This article describes one way that unknown and ‘emerging’ artists with limited exhibition history or reputation take steps towards developing their careers. Artists cannot apply directly for exhibition opportunities, therefore they develop social associations with gallerists that are described as being ‘kind-of-friendly-with’. Using a descriptive ethnographic narrative drawn from a case study of artists as they navigate an evening of commercial gallery openings in New York’s Chelsea district, it is argued that establishing a career in contemporary visual art depends on the ability to render one’s self visible to other participants in an art world. Rather than viewing the symbolic value of artworks as antagonistic with the economic art market, artists seek to establish social associations in which different forms of value are interrelated. In conclusion it is suggested that this is an art world in which the ‘economic world reversed’ is inversed.
EN
The paper is devoted to the image of New York City created by a representative of American post-war literary non-fiction, Gay Talese. What is especially brought into focus in the analyzed New York – A Serendipiter’s Journey is the approach the writer employs to present his personal picture of the city. Talese’s attitude consists in combining some key techniques of traditional reporting with a more individual and imaginative treatment relying on a wanderer’s/stroller’s point of view. From the perspective of a city traveller New York is unconventionally pictured through its untypical and usually unnoticed aspects such as e.g. forgotten places and odd occupations. It is emphasized that the writer’s image of the city actually results from a number of pictures accumulated in the course of his own and many other individual journeys. Finally, the paper accentuates the effectiveness of the literary journalistic technique of merging the non-fictional with the literary in order to convey the convincing and credible vision of reality.
EN
In the article, I focuss on the theme of the political views of Jan Lechoń during his New York exile, which emerged in his literary work, letters, and Dziennik. The main elements of the political stance of the author of Srebrne i czarne were in that time: resolute anti-communism, critical assessment of the actions of the government in exile, his declared admiration for America, and a nostalgia for the interwar period (idealising Józef Piłsudski). The discussed views of the poet exerted a considerable influence on his personal life, which was proven by the politically motivated breaking off his long-time relations with Julian Tuwim. One important problem is where to locate Lechoń’s dissatisfaction with the political changes in Poland, which he stated often, within the reasons for his suicide.
EN
This study focuses on how the Caribbean diaspora is reflected in the novel Levente no. Yolayorkdominicanyork by the New York–based Dominican artist Josefina Báez. Through dialogues and anecdotes the author depicts the everyday life of a community of women living in an apartment building located in a Hispanic neighbourhood in New York. In a close reading, I read the apartment building, called ‘Ni é’, as a metaphor of a glocal community. The novel can thus be read through the lens of the postcolonial debate about centre and periphery. I also analyse the work through the lens of the thirdspace theory, which is an especially important concept for some feminist critics of gentrification of the social space, such as Gloria Anzaldúa and Barbara Hooper. My analysis of specific scenes from life on the periphery that the Ni é building and its inhabitants embody draws mainly on the theoretical work La subversión feminista de la economía by the Spanish feminist theorist Amaia Pérez Orozco. Orozco’s critique of capitalist economy and her philosophy of microeconomics is compared with Josefina Báez’s representation of the notion of home.
EN
The Polish Station of Radio Free Europe in New York had commenced its activity almost two years earlier than the Munich station, i.e. in 1950. The first director in New York was Lesław Bodeński. After just one year, he was replaced by Stanisław Strzetelski, who appointed Zygmunt Lityński as his deputy. They resigned in 1955. Under their leadership, the RFE considerably developed its programme activity, hired several new permanent employees, thus expanding the editorial team, and, what is particularly important, acquired a new spacious office at the prestigious address of Park Avenue 110 West 57th Street in Manhattan. One of its significant programmes was a daily international commentary. Among some other distinguishing programmes there were also Jan Lechoń’s discussions at the round table presenting opinions of independent writers, scholars and specialists. The literary programme with a strong political tinge propagating the freedom of speech and beliefs placed special emphasis on the Polish cause. Politicians’ debates concentrating on various plans referring to the future democratic system of Poland and definitions of independence connected with the system were also presented on the Radio Free Europe, and in this context, attempts were made to find methods of developing so-called pressure groups which could effectively influence the American authorities. It was here that various ideas clashed, such as those considering cooperation with the so-called “old Polonia” [Polish community abroad], the establishment of new Polish organizations abroad, and political cooperation with other national groups within the context of joint organizations, e.g. the Assembly of Captive European Nations. It was here that disputes concerning the form of future Poland and its relations with the eastern neighbours were carried on. Thus different political thoughts clashed in the programmes; they were presented by outstanding leaders or representatives of Polish political parties, both those who had come to America and those who had arrived from London. In 1955 St. Strzetelski resigned from his post and Z. Lityński left together with him. Jan Nowak-Jeziorański became the director of both sections, the one in New York and that in Munich. Paying attention to the teams’ autonomy, Nowak still had a considerable influence on their programme policy. He appointed Marek Święcicki as the New York branch director, who however held this office for a short time only. Next, Karol Wagner--Pieńkowski was appointed as the branch director. Radio Free Europe finalized its activity in New York in December 1973. For two more years the branch received funds and functioned with a radically reduced editorial staff. At first, there were two editors and in the final year, only one, who was the New York correspondent of the Munich branch.
PL
Polska Stacja Radia Wolna Europa w Nowym Jorku zaczęła swoją działalność o prawie dwa lata wcześniej niż monachijska rozgłośnia, tj. w 1950 r. Pierwszym szefem w Nowym Jorku został Lesław Bodeński. Już po roku zastąpił go Stanisław Strzetelski, który na swojego zastępcę powołał Zygmunta Lityńskiego. RWE pod ich kierownictwem – ustąpili w 1955 r. – rozwinęło znacznie działalność programową, poszerzyło zespół redakcyjny do kilkunastu stałych pracowników oraz , co istotne, pozyskało nową przestronną siedzibę przy prestiżowej Park Avenue 110 West 57th Street na Manhattanie. Jednym z ważniejszych programów był codzienny komentarz międzynarodowy. Do wyróżniających się audycji należały też prowadzone przez Jana Lechonia tzw. dyskusje przy „okrągłym stole‖, prezentujące głos wolnych pisarzy, naukowców, specjalistów. Ten literacki program o silnym zabarwieniu politycznym propagował wolność słowa i przekonań, jednak tzw. sprawę polską uznawał za najważniejszą. Przed mikrofonami Radia odbywały się również debaty polityków określające różnorodne plany odnoszące się do przyszłego ustroju demokratycznego Polski i związane z tym ustrojem definicje niepodległości, a w tym kontekście, poszukiwania metod budowania tzw. pressure group, które oddziaływałyby skutecznie na amerykańskie władze. Tu ścierały się poglądy dotyczące współpracy z tzw. „starą Polonią‖, tworzenia nowych organizacji polonijnych, współpracy politycznej z innymi grupami narodowymi w kontekście wspólnych organizacji, choćby takich jak Zgromadzenie Europejskich Narodów Ujarzmionych (Assembly of Captive European Nations). Tu toczono spór nad kształtem przyszłej Polski i jej relacji ze wschodnimi sąsiadami. W audycjach zderzały się zatem różne myśli polityczne, a ich wyrazicielami byli wybitni przywódcy lub przedstawiciele polskich partii politycznych, zarówno ci, którzy przybyli do Ameryki, jak i ci, którzy przyjeżdżali z Londynu. W 1955 r. S. Strzetelski zrezygnował ze stanowiska, wraz z nim odszedł Z. Lityński. Kierownictwo obu sekcji, nowojorskiej i monachijskiej objął Jan Nowak-Jeziorański. Nowak dbając o autonomię zespołów, miał jednak zasadniczy wpływ na ich linię programową. Na stanowisko szefa nowojorskiego oddziału powołał Marka Święcickiego, który pełnił tę funkcję krótko. Następnie objął redakcję Karol Wagner-Pieńkowski. Radio Wolna Europa w Nowym Jorku zakończyło swoją działalność w grudniu 1973 r. Jeszcze przez dwa kolejne lata oddział otrzymywał pieniądze na funkcjonowanie w radykalnie okrojonym redakcyjnym składzie. Początkowo dwóch redaktorów, a w ostatnim roku jeden, który pełnił funkcję nowojorskiego korespondenta oddziału monachijskiego.
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EN
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), located in Manhattan in New York City, is the most famous museum devoted entirely to modern and contemporary art. It has the largest and most comprehensive collection of paintings and sculptures from the late nineteenth century to the present. Over its 84 years in existence, MoMA has organized more than 2000 exhibitions. Its mandate of promoting contemporary art requires it to continually evolve and innovate. In the early twentieth century, traditional genre painting and realism dominated American art, but new artistic trends were starting to form. In 1913, a group of young artists independently organized the “Armory Show”, an exhibition of contemporary artists from Europe and the United States, opening the eyes of Americans to new forms of art.In 1929, three fans and collectors of modern art decided to establish a museum dedicated to promoting the latest artistic trends. The founders were three women: Abby Rockefeller, the wife of the oil-magnate; Lillie Bliss, daughter of a clothing entrepreneur; and Mary Sullivan, an art teacher and wife of a wealthy lawyer. Alfred Barr, a 27-year-old art historian was appointed as the first director. MoMA opened on November 7, 1929, to great success. With about six well-attend exhibitions each year, the museum began to shape the tastes of the American public. In the first few years, MoMA had few of its own artifacts. It slowly began to form its own collection thanks to art and funding donations from Lillie Bliss, Olga Guggenheim and the Rockefeller family. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the museum had amassed over one million artifacts. Although maintaining its collection was costly, the museum continued finding new art to uphold its goal of promoting the latest artistic trends.Apart from an extensive painting and sculpture collection, MoMA’s collection features many other art forms, such as film, photography, prints, architecture and performance art. Initially, MoMA did not have a fixed location and moved several times. John Rockefeller, Abby’s husband, was a staunch opponent of modern art, but eventually relented and funded the construction of the first building. The building, designed by Philip Goodwin and Edward Durell-Stone, opened in 1939. Its international style – more fitting of an office building than a museum – symbolized the availability and versatility of modern art in modern society. Over the years, MoMA expanded into neighboring areas, adding a sculpture garden, administrative offices, a bookshop, auditorium and a restaurant. In 1997, the museum held a competition for a major reconstruction, which was won by Yoshio Taniguchi, from Japan. Museum re-opened its doors in 2004.The reconstruction nearly doubled the area of the museum (to 58,500 m2), cost $425 million, and doubled attendance to 1.8 million visitors a year. Through the years MoMA has stayed faithful to his founder’s idea, to promote modern art in America and provide high quality art education to youth generations. Each new decade brings new challenges and MoMA is actively pursuing to address them.
PL
Upowszechnienie mediów społecznościowych i rosnące zasoby danych typu big data tworzą zarówno nowe możliwości dla analiz przestrzeni zurbanizowanej, jak i wyzwania dla współczesnego procesu stanowienia polityki publicznej. Wśród źródeł użytecznych z tego punktu widzenia są między innymi zdjęcia publikowane na Instagramie. Mogą one łatwo się stać przedmiotem behawioralnej analizy jakości życia w przestrzeni miejskiej na podstawie próby złożonej z całej populacji i być wykonywane w formule desk research. Artykuł używa fotografii publikowanych na Instagramie w celu analizy eksploracyjnej użytkowania przestrzeni na przykładzie pięciu parków zlokalizowanych w Nowym Jorku. Umożliwia to określenie charakteru i sposobów postrzegania wybranych przestrzeni.
EN
The dissemination of social media and the growing resources of big data create both new opportunities for urban space analysis and new challenges for contemporary policy making. Among the sources useful from this standpoint there are, inter alia, photos posted on Instagram. They can easily become the basis for behavioural analysis of the quality of urban life based on complete sampling and conducted in the method of deskresearch. The article uses photographs published on Instagram for the purpose of exploratory analysis of land use on the examples of five parks located in New York. This makes it possible to determine the nature and ways of perception of selected spaces.
EN
The paper discusses the collection of Polonica printed from the 15th to 18th century, held by various New York research libraries. Polish-subject materials are owned by several academic libraries, such as the Columbia University Library, the Union Theological Seminary Library, the General Theological Seminary Library and the New York Academy of Medicine. Small number of titles can be found among the holdings of the Hispanic Society of America, the Brooklyn Public Library and in the New York Historical Society. The New York Public Library is the owner of the largest collections of Polish materials in the New York area. Valuable and rare editions issued in Cracow, among them incunabula and early books from the 16th century, have been collected by the Morgan Library & Museum. A number of books acquired by the Morgan Library came from some outstanding Polish scattered collections. All of these books represent various fields of science, history and Old Polish literature, natural and legal sciences, and theology with a rich collection of reformation and counter-reformation literature. Many of them were written by well-known Polish authors, including Stanisław Hozjusz, Marcin Kromer, Mikołaj Kopernik (Nicolaus Copernicus), Wawrzyniec Goślicki and Jan Heweliusz (Johannes Hevelius).
PL
W artykule omówiono kolekcje poloników wydanych w XV-XVIII w. przechowywane w bibliotekach naukowych Nowego Jorku. Największy ich zespół posiada Biblioteka Publiczna (New York Public Library). Spośród bibliotek uniwersyteckich wartościowy zbiór poloników znajdziemy w księgozbiorach bibliotek Uniwersytetu Columbia (Columbia University Libraries). Znacznie mniejsze kolekcje, liczące od kilku do kilkudziesięciu woluminów, posiadają inne uczelniane książnice: General Theological Seminary Library oraz Biblioteka Akademii Medycznej Nowego Jorku (New York Academy of Medicine). Niewielkie zespoły lub pojedyncze egzemplarze można odnaleźć również w Bibliotece Publicznej Brooklynu (Brooklyn Public Library) i w księgozbiorach towarzystw naukowych lub fundacji, m.in. w Bibliotece Towarzystwa Hiszpańskiego (Hispanic Society of America) oraz w zbiorach Nowojorskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego (New York Historical Society). Wartościowe i rzadkie polonika, w tym kilkanaście inkunabułów i wczesnych druków z XVI w. oficyn krakowskich, zgromadziła Biblioteka Morgana (Morgan Library & Museum, dawniej Pierpont Morgan Library). W jej zbiorach są także egzemplarze należące ongiś do znakomitych polskich kolekcji historycznych. W nowojorskich placówkach znajdziemy publikacje z różnych dziedzin wiedzy: historii i literatury staropolskiej, teologii (z bogatą kolekcją druków reformacyjnych i kontrreformacyjnych), nauk przyrodniczych i prawnych. Wśród autorów spotykamy najczęściej pisarzy takich jak Stanisław Hozjusz, Marcin Kromer, Mikołaj Kopernik, Wawrzyniec Goślicki i Jan Heweliusz.
EN
We know astonishingly little about life of Alfred Jurzykowski, one of the richest Polish businessmen, and also the founder of the largest of the Polish foundations, as well as the Alfred Jurzykowski Award program, commonly called “the Polish Nobel prize”. There are only two short bios both of them omit almost completely the New York period of life and activity of the Polish businessman. Zenon Rogoziński, author of one of those concise biographies mentions only that after the September 1939 war against Nazi Germany, Jurzykowski arrived in New York City, where he founded, together with Mr. Alfred Schenker, known to him from the pre-war Poland, a chocolate factory, “Delicia” Chocolate and Candy Manufacturing Co. Facts, established after my research at the New York archives deny that. There are names of different persons on a letter of incorporation of December 1940. They were somehow connected with Poland, as well as engaged with the confectionary business. However, there is no name of Jurzykowski nor Schenker. Name of the latter, one may find only on the next official document from 1954 when a fusion between “Delicia” with another business took place. Closer examination of documents available makes one to believe that Jurzykowski was in fact among the founders of that factory, but as a foreigner just recently arrived in the US he preferred that others – American citizens well known from their busi-nesslike activity, stepped forward. This supposition is additionally confirmed by Alfred Jurzykowski’s letter to the President of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences with which the Polish businessman showed himself for the first time as a philanthropist and supporter of Polish culture. He declared his willingness to a generous finance of a scholarly work – a publication about the contribution of the Polish forces in Allied army to the victory in the WWII. He signed this letter of December 1948 as the President of the Board and it seems improbable that in eight years he could have made such a career even in a relatively small business as “Delicia” was: from “nobody,” to the President of the company. The paper makes only a small contribution to Alfred Jurzykowski’s biography. It is important though, since it was Jurzykowski’s constant search for less expensive sources of production – cocoa and coffee – that has made him go farther and farther from New York City to Central America until he got to Brasil. And it was there where he found out that in that enormous country there was an opportunity for a much larger business – automobile industry which became source of his huge fortune.
PL
Zaskakująco niewiele wiemy o życiu jednego z najbogatszych polskich przedsiębiorców, Alfredzie Jurzykowskim i jednocześnie twórcy największej swego czasu fundacji polskiej oraz programu nagród zwanych „polskim Noblem‖. Istnieją tylko dwa krótkie jego życiorysy, w których niemal całkowicie pomija się okres nowojorski życia biznesmena. W jednej z tych zwięzłych biografii, pióra Zenona Rogozińskiego, wspomina się jedynie, iż po klęsce wrześniowej w 1939 r. Alfred Jurzykowski przybył do Nowego Jorku, gdzie wraz ze swym znajomym jeszcze sprzed wojny, Alfredem Schenkerem, założył fabrykę wyrobów czekoladowych – Delicia Chocolate and Candy Manufacturing Co. Poszukiwania w nowojorskich archiwach zaprzeczają tej informacji. Na dokumencie założycielskim firmy z końca 1940 r. podpis złożyły inne osoby – także związane z Polską, także zaangażowane w przemyśle cukierniczym. Nie ma jednak ani nazwiska Jurzykowskiego, ani Schenkera. Nazwisko tego ostatniego figuruje dopiero na kolejnym oficjalnym dokumencie z 1954 r., kiedy doszło do fuzji firmy Delicia z innym przedsiębiorstwem. Analiza dostępnych dokumentów skłania jednak do przypuszczenia, iż Jurzykowski faktycznie należał do założycieli tej firmy, ale jako cudzoziemiec, niedawny przybysz do miasta, wolał, aby na pierwszy plan wysunęli się ludzie z obywatelstwem amerykańskim i znani z prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Domysł ten zdaje się potwierdzać list Jurzykowskiego do prezesa Polskiego Instytutu Naukowego, w którym biznesmen po raz pierwszy pojawił się jako patron kultury polskiej gotów do hojnego sfinansowania przedsięwzięcia naukowego – opracowania roli polskich sił zbrojnych na Zachodzie w dziele zwycięstwa nad hitlerowskimi Niemcami. W liście tym z grudnia 1948 r. podpisał się jako prezes zarządu, a wydaje się mało prawdopodobne, aby w ciągu ośmiu lat mógł zrobić nawet w niewielkiej firmie tak błyskawiczną karierę – z „nikogo‖, do szefa fabryki o poważnych dochodach. Ów drobny przyczynek do biografii Alfreda Jurzykowskiego jest o tyle ważny, że właśnie w poszukiwaniu coraz tańszych źródeł surowca dla przedsiębiorstwa Delicia – kawy i kakao wypuszczał się on coraz dalej z Nowego Jorku do Ameryki Środkowej i Południowej. Wreszcie trafił do Brazylii, gdzie szybko zorientował się, iż w tym ogromnym kraju istnieją znacznie większe możliwości rozwoju biznesu.
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu na przykładzie Nowego Jorku zbadano, jak inteligentne miasta zareagowały na problemy związane z pandemią COVID-19 (formuła studium przypadku). Pierwsza część badań stanowi tło opracowania. Wskazano konkretne wyzwania i odpowiedzi miast na zagadnienia związane z pandemią. Druga część zawiera badania nad różnymi definicjami koncepcji smart city. Ponieważ nie ma oficjalnej charakterystyki takiego ośrodka miejskiego, dokonano wskazania powszechnie akceptowanych jego atrybutów. Części pierwsza i druga zostały oparte na badaniu danych zastanych (desk research). Ostatecznie w ostatniej fazie badawczej przeprowadzono analizę studium przypadku Nowego Jorku, aby przedstawić przejawy wskazanych wcześniej atrybutów koncepcji smart city. Zbadano działania podejmowane przez władze miejskie i innych aktorów miasta w celu sprostania wyzwaniom stojącym przed ośrodkami miejskimi, jak i specyficznymi (dotyczącymi Nowego Jorku).
EN
This paper investigates how smart cities responded to the COVID-19 pandemic-related issues based on the example of New York City (the case study formula). The first part of the research constitutes a background to the study. The specific challenges and city responses that the pandemic introduced to urban centres are indicated. The second part contains research on various definitions of the smart city concept. Since there is no official characteristic of such an urban centre, the commonly accepted attributes were indicated in the study. The first and second parts are based on desk research. Finally, in the last phase of the research, a case study analysis of New York City was conducted to present manifestations of previously indicated attributes of a smart city concept. The actions taken by the city authorities and other city actors to address the challenges that were both common for cities and specific ones (that applied to New York City) were investigated.
EN
The ideological dialogue between the two crucial representatives of the world architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, drawn on the basis of lectures they conducted in the 1930s in the United States on the specifics of the skyscraper and the vision of the city becomes an introduction to the presentation of selected realizations built in Manhattan throughout the last decade. The evolution and diversity of tower structures in Manhattan confirms that this type of building is currently the basic unit of highly urbanized urban development and sets trends for the development of highly developed cities. Disputes and discussions about its shape evoke similar emotions as in the case of the mentioned architects.
PL
Dialog ideowy kluczowych przedstawicieli światowej architektury: Franka Lloyda Wrighta i Le Corbusiera, nakreślony na podstawie wykładów, jakie przeprowadzili w latach 30. XX wieku w Stanach Zjednoczonych na temat specyfiki wieżowca i wizji miasta, jest pretekstem do prezentacji wybranych realizacji powstałych w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu na Manhattanie. Ewolucja i różnorodność form struktur wieżowych na Manhattanie potwierdza, że ten rodzaj budynku jest obecnie podstawową jednostką zabudowy miast wysoce zurbanizowanych oraz wyznacza tendencje do zabudowy wysokorozwiniętych miast. Spory i dyskusje na temat jego kształtu budzą podobne emocje, jak w przypadku wspominanych architektów.
EN
Tracing the process of immigrants' transition, it appears that in the twentieth century children of Eastern European, mainly Jewish immigrants were trying to get rid of the European past of their parents as quickly as possible in order to take the full advantage of American culture. This attitude brought serious changes in family values, social ties, and religious traditions among immigrants' children, which was vividly presented in Kazin's works. Moving straight toward their American future often meant leaving the Old World heritage and language behind. Many of the immigrant children regarded this type of attitude as another logical step in their development. But although this incorporation into the mainstream of the American culture was fruitful, some of them experienced a deep sense of irreversible loss over their past.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się wokół tematu przekonań politycznych Jana Lechonia podczas nowojorskiej emigracji poety, ujawniających się zarówno w twórczości literackiej, jak w listach i Dzienniku. Najważniejszymi elementami politycznej postawy autora Srebrnego i czarnego były w tych latach zdecydowany antykomunizm, krytyczna ocena działań rządu emigracyjnego, deklarowany zachwyt Ameryką oraz nostalgia za czasami międzywojennymi (idealizacja Józefa Piłsudskiego). Opisywane przekonania poety wywierały istotny wpływ na jego życie osobiste, o czym przekonuje motywowane politycznie zerwanie wieloletniej znajomości z Julianem Tuwimem. Ważnym problemem jest umiejscowienie wśród przyczyn samobójstwa Lechonia wielokrotnie przez niego wyrażanego braku akceptacji dla przemian politycznych w Polsce.
EN
The article focusses on Jan Lechoń’s political views after he emigrated to New York. These opinions could be found in literary works, as well as in letters and the Journal. The most important elements of political views of the author of Silver and black were: blatant anticommunism, critical assessment of the Polish emigration government, openly expressed admiration for America and nostalgia towards the interbellum (idealizing Józef Piłsudski). His views had a significant influence on his personal life, as exemplified by his politically motivated ending of his long-lasting friendship with Julian Tuwim. One of the most important issues is where to classify Lechoń’s often expressed opposition towards the political changes in Poland among the reasons for his suicide.
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