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1
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Tell el-Murra. The Polish Archaeological Survey in Ash-Sharqiyyah Governorate (Egypt, the Nile Delta)

100%
Jucha M.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2010
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vol. 2
229-238
EN
In the light of new finds (especially from Tell el-Farkha) it seems that the Nile Delta sites had great significance not only in developing contacts between Egypt and Canaan but also in the process which finally led to the formation of the Egyptian state. It is also obvious that a number of sites of that period occur in that region (especially in the North-Eastern part of the Nile Delta). Several of them were localized during the surveys conducted in the discussed area almost twenty years ago but only a few of them were later researched archaeologically. Further data concerning the early history of the Nile Delta were obtained recently (2008) during the Polish Archaeological Survey in Ash-Sharqiyyah Governorate. The results of the survey were quite promising. Of the six sites visited, two yielded pottery material from the beginning of the Egyptian state. Of these two, the site of Tell el-Murra seems to be most suitable for further research due to the good state of preservation, the results of geophysical research and geological core drillings as well as the chronology of the material found on the surface.
2
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The Polish archaeological survey in the north-eastern part of the Nile Delta (season 2010) – the pottery from Tell el-Murra and Tell Abu el-Halyat

88%
Jucha M.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2011
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vol. 3
179-194
EN
The recent research in the North-Eastern Nile Delta proves that a great quantity of sites existed here during Naqada III period. These sites undoubtedly played an important role both in the developing contacts between Egypt and Canaan, as well as in the processes which led to the formation of the Egyptian state. Further data concerning the Naqada III settlements in the Nile Delta have been obtained recently, during the Polish Archaeological Survey in Ash-Sharqiyyah Governorate. Most of the work in 2010 concentrated at Tell el-Murra and Tell Abu el-Halyat and this article focuses on the pottery found at these two sites. The occurrence of potsherds dated to the Protodynastic, Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods at Tell el-Murra points at the fact that the latest occupation at that site should be dated to the latter. Moreover, potsherds were also found decorated with a zig-zag pattern, which are quite characteristic of the Predynastic-Lower Egyptian Culture. Most of the pottery from Tell Abu el-Halyat is dated to the Early Dynastic period, but the occurrence of several fragments which could belong both to the earlier and later forms may indicate that it was probably inhabited also during the Protodynastic as well as Old Kingdom (?) periods.
3
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Tell el-Farkha. Excavations, 2012–2013

88%
Chłodnicki M., Ciałowicz K. M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
173-197
EN
Excavations at Tell el-Farkha in 2012 and 2013 were conducted on all three koms making up the site. The upper layers excavated on the Western Kom during the first campaign were connected with the beginning of phase 4 at Tell el-Farkha and the lower layers with phase 3. A few poorly preserved rooms were unearthed, mainly in the southern part of the trench. Also part of a brewery dated to Naqada IIIA1 was explored. A rectangular building with thick walls discovered on the Central Kom was most probably the remains of a big Naqadian store. Results of geophysical research from 2000 were verified; excavations uncovered a round edifice, 7 m in diameter, surrounded by a wall almost 2 m thick. In a test trench on the Eastern Kom, a rectangular room (2.50 m by 6 m) with two regular entrances from north and south was unearthed. In the main trench, work concentrated on the area north and south of the monumental mastaba uncovered a few seasons earlier.
4
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The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

88%
Małecka-Drozd N.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(2)
13-58
EN
The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.
5
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Potmarks on Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Bread Moulds from the Settlement Layers of Tell el-Murra

75%
Kazimierczak M.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2023
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issue 36
155-181
EN
Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom bread moulds belong to the type of vessels on which potmarks appear the most often, which is a phenomenon recorded during works conducted at different sites. Excavations carried out at the Tell el-Murra between 2011 and 2019 produced a significant number of vessels of this type with various marks. This paper is devoted to the 118 pre-firing marks from Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom bread moulds from the settlement layers at the Tell el-Murra. The paper comparatively analyses marks from two subsequent chronological periods, with the aim to test the validity of theories regarding their function and meaning, based on examples from Tell el-Murra. The study concludes that the high frequency of potmarks on bread forms was not accidental, but related to certain economic processes and changes, as also indicated in this paper.
6
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Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey). Seasons 2012–2013

63%
Jucha M. A., Bąk-Pryc G., Małecka-Drozd N.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
199-214
EN
Excavations of the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta in 2012 and 2013, following up on surveys in 2008 and in 2010–2011, uncovered settlement structures from the Old Kingdom in the northeastern part of the site (trench T5). Excavations in the adjacent cemetery (trench S3) cleared more graves, which were dated to the Early Dynastic period based on pottery and stone vessel evidence.
7
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Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): preliminary report on research in 2014 and 2015

63%
Jucha M. A., Bąk-Pryc G., Małecka-Drozd N., Kazimierczak M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
137-160
EN
The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2014 and 2015 at the Tell el-Murra site in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigations covered a settlement mostly from the Old Kingdom period found in trench T5; more specifically, the investigated features seem primarily connected with food production. Settlement remains from the Naqada III–possibly Early Dynastic and Protodynastic(?) periods were also explored in trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in trench S3 yielded 16 more graves, including simple pit burials and chamber graves. In several cases bodies had been placed in pottery coffins. The presence of several mud-brick walls, possibly associated with older settlement structures, was also confirmed within the lattermost trench. Altogether the research provided new data on the settlement architecture, site development processes and burial customs invoked in the beginnings of the Egyptian state.
8
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Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): research in 2016–2017

63%
Jucha M., Bąk-Pryc G., Małecka-Drozd N., Kazimierczak M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
149-167
EN
The paper deals with the results of excavation in 2016 and 2017 at the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta. The investigation focused on Trench T5, where settlement remains dated mostly from the Early Dynastic period were explored in its northern part, and early Old Kingdom structures in the southern part. Settlement remains of Lower Egyptian culture were also excavated in Trench S3B. Continued research on the Early Dynastic cemetery in Trench S3 yielded eight more graves, both pit burials and chambered tombs. In one case, the body was placed additionally in a pottery coffin. The results contribute new data on Early Dynastic settlement architecture and burial customs, as well as the oldest habitation associated with Lower Egyptian culture.
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