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EN
It is not a secret that the war between Harold II and William the Bastard, who eventually became William the Conquer, belongs to the most discussed topics. This statement applies especially to the English scholars, who treat the issue as one of the key events in the history of their nation. However, while reading the works of these excellent scientists, one can have the impression that the topic in question was utilized to strengthen the traditional, post-Wig historiosophy. According to its propagators Edward the Confessor neither designated William as his heir, nor did he have power to do so. In addition to that there is an opinion that the last Anglo-Saxon king chose Harold as future king on his death bed. In this part of the paper I raise a few arguments against the traditional interpretations of the sources. In my opinion the thing may well have been different, since Edward was brought up in Normandy and hade personal reasons to fight off Harold’s aspirations.
EN
Indisputably marriage is one of the most significant aspects of human life. Currently it is often said that in our society we can observe erosion of social relationships, which also cover relationships within marriage. Looking for the answers about the character of this phenomenon, one often points out material difficulties married couples often have to cope with. In order to verify this thesis in this text we present and analyze selected mutual attitudes of spouses in the Levant world in the 10th-11th c. AD in various difficult moments in their lives.
Vox Patrum
|
2018
|
vol. 69
53-64
EN
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the selected works of one of the twelfth century Norman historian living in the British Isles, Gerald de Barri of Wales (1146-1223) in terms of his knowledge of the Byzantine world and its cor­relation with the Normans (from England and Southern Italy). The term Byzantine world has been evolving for several decades. Today it refers no longer just to the land of the former East European Empire, which later transformed itself into the Greek Byzantium, but it can be referred to the Balkans or the Kingdom of Normandy, while scientists are constantly expanding its borders with the help of other sciences such as archeology. We will do this based on his work: De in­structione principis, Topographia Hibernica, Expugnatio Hibernica, Itinerarium Cambriae and Descriptio Cambriae. Selected by Gerald of Wales the themes of the Byzantine and Norman kingdoms of Sicily, which appear in his five works ci­ted above, are proof of the broad political horizons of the elites from British Isles that were associated with the Plantagenet dynasty. Gerald was never in Sicily, in Byzantium or in the Holy Land, but he had some source in sight, both in the form of eyewitness accounts of events and in the accounts of contemporary wri­ters, which does not diminish the credibility of the data he cites. Better and more strongly, he was interested in the facts of the kingdom of Normans in Sicily than in Byzantium. Such a state of affairs seems to be understandable, as he saw in them both a political partner and, to some extent, a model to imitate, especially in the aspect of conducting politics against the conquered peoples.
Nurt SVD
|
2016
|
issue 1
59-76
PL
Islam jawi się dziś jako nietolerancyjna religia pozostająca w konflikcie z tradycją judeochrześcijańską. Jednak przykład średniowiecznej Sycylii dowodzi, że w imię Koranu można zbudować wielokulturowe społeczeństwo. Strategiczne położenie Sycylii od wieków przyciągało osadników. Od VI wieku władało nią Bizancjum. W VIII wieku wyspa zainteresowała Arabów tworzących nowe państwa w Afryce Północnej. Jednym z nich był emirat Aghlabidów. W 827 roku wyruszyła stamtąd armia, rozpoczynając muzułmański podbój Sycylii, który - pod znakiem rzezi i zniszczeń - trwał przez kolejne dziesięciolecia. W X wieku władzę na wyspie przejęła dynastia Kalbidów. Wprowadzili oni politykę tolerancji, dbali o rozwój nauki i kultury, wspierali rolnictwo oraz handel. W XI wieku Sycylię podbili Normanowie. Zetknąwszy się z wysoką kulturą wyspy, utrzymali oni większość rozwiązań poprzedników. Językami urzędowymi były łacina i greka, a także arabski. Z połączenia różnych kultur powstało jedno z najnowocześniejszych społeczeństw tamtych czasów.
EN
Islam today is being perceived as the religion that is in the state of conflict with the Judeo-Christian tradition. But a case study of the medieval Sicily proves that it is possible to create a multicultural society in the name of the Koran. Strategic location of the island has always attracted settlers. It was under Byzantine rule since the 6th century. In the 8th century it attracted the attention of the Arabs, just then creating their new states in North Africa. One of them was the Aghlabid Emirate. In 827 it sent an invading army to Sicily. The Muslim conquest of the island, punctuated with the outbursts of onslaught and destruction, lasted for several decades. In the 10th century the reins of power went to the rulers from the Kalbids dynasty. They introduced a policy of tolerance, promoted arts and science and supported trade and agriculture. In the 11th century Sicily was conquered by the Normans. Recognising the high value of the culture they encountered on the island, they retained most measures of their predecessors. The official languages were Latin, Greek and Arabic. The mixture of various cultures in Sicily produced one of the most advanced societies of that period.
Rocznik Teologiczny
|
2016
|
vol. 58
|
issue 3
319-338
PL
Samodzielność Italii Południowej pod względem eklezjalnym, wierność prawosławnym kanonom spowodowały napływ z Bizancjum dużej liczby duchowieństwa i mnichów. Greccy mnisi, którzy uciekli od arabskiej inwazji i ikonoklazmu na Półwysep Apeniński, odegrali dużą rolę w rozprzestrzenianiu bizantyjskich idei, tradycji liturgicznej i języka. Tak zwana misja historyczna monastycyzmu greckiego w Italii Południowej, która objęła również hierarchię kościelną i duchowieństwo, była wypełniana w okresie najwyższego jej rozkwitu – w IX, X i XI wieku. Monastery, które powstały w tym okresie, wyróżniały się swoją myślą teologiczną, filozoficzną i literacką, były prawdziwymi azylami dla tradycji nauk i humanizmu helleńskiego. Największy rozwój w tym czasie miała hymnografia italo-bizantyjska w twórczości Świętych Ojców – mnichów greckich. Żywot i dzieła tych italo-greckich świętych podkreślają misję historyczną elementu bizantyńskiego w Italii Bizantyjskiej, który niezależnie od okresu upadku stał się łącznikiem z Bliskim Wschodem. Podczas gdy do tego czasu Bizancjum tkwiło w nieustannej walce z muzułmanami, którzy oszczędzali imperium jedynie w prowincjach Italii, nie nanosząc w sensie politycznym wyraźnych szkód, to wraz z pojawieniem się Normanów sytuacja uległa radykalnej zmianie politycznej. Właśnie ten czynnik posłużył zanikaniu zjawiska greckiego monastycyzmu na południu Italii.
EN
Southern Italy's ecclesiastic self-reliance as well as its constancy in following Orthodox canons fostered a large inflow of priests and monks from the Byzantine Empire. Greek monks fleeing Arab invasion and iconoclasm into the Apennine Peninsula played a significant role in spreading Byzantine ideas, liturgical tradition and language. The so-called “historical mission” of Greek monasticism in Southern Italy, which influenced clergy and church hierarchy too, had been fulfilled in the time of its fullest bloom: in the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries. Monasteries created in that period, standing out in terms of theological, philosophical and literary thought, were safe harbours for the traditions of Hellenic humanism and sciences. The greatest development was that of Italo-Byzantine hymnography, manifested by the output of Greek Fathers (monks). Lives and works of these Italo-Greek saints emphasise that historical mission of Byzantine element in Italy, which-regardless of the then-progressing fall-became a link with the Middle East. While the Byzantine Empire had remained to that point in a state of endless war with Muslims, who spared the empire-by not causing serious damage in the political sense-only in Italian provinces, Normans did have brought radical political changes. It was that factor which contributed to obliteration of Greek monasticism in the South of Italy.
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