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Dział Muzealnictwa

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Pracownia Zabytków Techniki

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EN
By the Order no. 166 of the Minister of Culture and Art of 22 December 1961, the Centre for Documentation of Monuments was established “for the purpose of improvement of the stock-taking of monuments for the rational planning of their reconstruction and conservation”. Its tasks included the preparation of the central register, record and supplementary documentation of non-movable and movable monuments. CDM’s substantive activity was based on record cards of non-movable (ca 40,000) and movable monuments, record files of cities, historic complexes and parks, historical and technical documentation of historic objects of architecture and historic buildings as well as archival and photographic materials acquired from the then existing Administration of Museums and Monument Protection. Tasks were performed by the Centre in three research departments: the Department of Architecture and Town Planning, the Department of Movable Monuments and the Department of Archaeology and in supplementary departments: the Department of Museology, which collected and documented knowledge about Polish museums, the Department of Archives and Scientific Collections, which collected, among others, materials relating to the historical issues and conservation of monuments, and the Phototeque with a unique collection of negatives, positives and diapositives, including historic aerial photographs of historic urban complexes and spatial development layouts. This collection is particularly important, because it often concerns the objects that no longer exist. Among achievements of the Department of Publications, which existed in the Centre from the beginning, it is particularly worth noting one hundred volumes of the Library of Muse ology and Monument Protection (LMMP) devoted to a variety of topics: from legal protection of monuments, materials from conservation conferences, specialistic issues of the conservation technology, to glossaries. For many years CDM was the publisher of a number of magazines devoted to popular science: Spotkania z Zabytkami, Muzealnictwo and Ochrona Zabytków. What also existed in CDM from the beginning, was the library – one of the few libraries in Poland that had not only a collection of books on the history of art and museums, but also a collection of books on issues of stock-taking and documentation of monuments and conservation issues – both with regard to theory and practice. Within the limits of its statutory activity, the Centre kept a central record of cultural properties, determined models and established standards of record-keeping. It organised training courses for employees of Conservation Offices and Offices for Documentation of Monuments, directed priorities in the preparation of records of monuments and supervised periodically the financing of the entire record-keeping programme in Poland. For the purpose of closer co-operation with conservation services and local administration bodies, twelve Centres for Studies and Protection of the Cultural Environment were established as local centres of CDM in 1991 and 1992. In 2000, part of CDM’s competences relating to the initiation and financing of records was transferred to conservation services and the Centre became responsible only for archives and information. Until then, during 40 years of its activity, CDM had collected and co-created an imposing record documentation, which constituted a unique collection encompassing around: • 130,000 record cards of historic objects of architecture and historic buildings, • 640,000 address index cards of historic objects of architecture and historic buildings, • 600 historical & urban planning studies of cities, • 320,000 record cards of movable monuments, • 6,600 files of the Archaeological Photograph of Poland (68% of the surface of the country; 375,000 archaeological sites), • 70,000 decisions on entry into the register of monuments (all categories of monuments), • 130,000 negatives and 1,000 binders of positives in the phototeque, • 35,000 negatives, diapositives and photographs of the aerial documentation of cities and the cultural landscape, • 50 linear metres of archival materials, • 60,000 volumes of books and magazines in the library. Moreover, CDM had at its disposal materials of the State Enterprise Monument Conservation Workshops from years 1948-1988 (750 linear metres of conservation documentation, 250,000 negatives, 1,881 photogrammetries, 8 linear metres of photographs in boxes). These materials were not only used by the personnel of conservation services, but also made widely available for scientific and educational research. In 2002, two cultural institutions: the Centre for Documentation for Monuments and the Centre for the Protection of Historic Landscape were merged and the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments was established. The Centre for the Protection of Historic Landscape was created on the basis of the Administration of the Protection and Conservation of Palace & Garden Complexes, which functioned from 1977 within the structures of the National Museum in Warsaw. Originally it engaged in the maintenance of historic parks in the divisions of the National Museum –in Łazienki Park, Wilanów, Nieborów and Królikarnia. The methods that were used there in broadly understood conservation activities, from historical research to the revitalisation of these parks, were employed to work out theoretical and practical rules relating to the maintenance of historic green layouts in the scale going beyond museum objects. In those years, there were no specialistic institutions taking care of historic parks; these shortages were particularly severe for local conservation offices, which employed mainly historians of art, architects, ethnographers and archaeologists in their structures. Only a small group of landscape architects or foresters took care of historic greens. Because of the need to support voivodeship conservators of monuments, the Administration of the Protection of Palace & Garden Complexes was separated from the National Museum and started nationwide activity as an independent entity. As far as records and documentation are concerned, the Administration’s activity was similar to that of CDM, but was carried on with regard to historic green layouts – parks, gardens and cemeteries, including former Polish cemeteries situated outside the country. Apart from that, the Administration was authorised by the General Conservator of Monuments to exercise the broadly understood heritage conservator supervision of works being performed in historic parks in Poland. The co-operation concerned both design and performance. For instance, a programme of clearing works in neglected parks was commenced, under which conservators and users received an instruction concerning the performance of basic maintenance works before proper revitalisation activities. The Administration elaborated also the rules of preparation of conservation documentation, paying particular attention to the need to carry out historical & scientific research before design works. It was also the originator of pre-design research that was called “park archaeology”. From the beginning of its activity, the Administration ran a large-scale training programme for conservation services. A design studio was also created to carry out park revitalisation projects within the scope of statutory activity. At the same time, a scientific base was created by establishing a specialised library and collecting all materials concerning the history of gardening. Research on park plants and their selection in the historical development process was also initiated. Grounds were even created for the establishment of a specialised nursery which was to prevent the spreading fashion for introduction of foreign species of trees and shrubs to historic parks through selection of native plants occurring in historic gardens. The large-scale research and record-keeping programme resulted in a series of publications, including the list Parks and historic gardens in Poland, catalogues of historic cemeteries in various provinces, a catalogue of Galician cemeteries from World War I and catalogues of Polish cemeteries in Belarus and the Ukraine. Special attention in the activity of the Administration was paid to the role of historic parks in the local environment and their importance for the cultural landscape. In this context, research on particularly endangered large-area layouts and composed landscape was commenced. As a result of the extended research zone and environment protection activities, the Administration of the Protection of Palace & Garden Complexes was transformed into the Centre for the Protection of Historic Landscape on 1 January 1994. Special achievements of CPHL include activities for the benefit of the Muskau Park in Łęknica, a park & landscape work of primary importance for the history of the world art of gardening. For the purpose of ensuring proper progress of revitalisation works, CPHL took over the administration of this facility and restored the original grandeur and importance of the park after a few years of intense work, as a result of which the park was entered into the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage list. CPHL carried on very intense training & conference activities, and materials acquired by means of them were systematically published in a few dozen volumes of the Studia i Materiały publication, which was divided into several thematic series. The National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments basically continued the tasks of both merged institutions, but focused rather on documentation works and the elaboration of methods of protection and maintenance of monuments, and direct design and field works were gradually limited. Higher importance was attached to giving opinions on various projects, including conservation projects. NCRDM became the main provider of opinions for the General Conservator of Monuments. In addition, NCRDM engaged in the preparation of materials connected with the establishment of a monument of history (including the elaboration of a draft of criteria for the application and the carrying-out of the procedure), giving of opinions on and verification of applications. It also prepared a proposal for monitoring of historic objects regarded as monuments of history and entered into the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage list. The computerisation of collections became one of the most important tasks of NCRDM. NCRDM had already commenced work on that subject in the past, but these were not complex activities aimed at creating a unified programme for all kinds of documentation. NCRDM also started to make 3D scans of historic objects for the needs of conservation services and activities. It is worth mentioning that from 2002 till 2006 NCRDM did not engage in recording of archaeological monuments, because this function was fulfilled by the Centre for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage. Its predecessor was the Centre for Rescue Archaeological Research (CRAR) established in 1995, whose primary goal was to supervise and examine areas laid out for large-area investments being designed. These activities were particularly necessary in areas through which national fast traffic roads were to run. Within the scope of CRAR’s research, a huge number of archaeological sites was examined within a relatively short time and many important scientific discoveries were made. Irrespective of the specific nature of archaeological research, which was different from research on other kinds of monuments, scientific and record documentation was being prepared, the meaning and significance of which was identical to that of documentation of monuments in general. Thus, the activities of the Centre for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage turned out to coincide in many respects with work of the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments. As a result, both of these cultural institutions were merged in 2006. Until 31 December 2010, they functioned as the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments, which changed its name to the National Heritage Board of Poland by virtue of the order of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage on 1 January 2011. This change involves also the adoption of new statutes, according to which the Institute is obliged to pursue tasks relating to the sustainable protection of the cultural heritage of Poland in order to preserve it for future generations through: 1. the collection and dissemination of knowledge about heritage; 2. the determination and dissemination of standards of protection and maintenance of monuments, 3. the formation of social awareness regarding the values and maintenance of cultural heritage. This shows that, apart from activities being performed so far, e.g. with regard to the collection of record documentation, the goal of the Institute is to undertake tasks on a broader social scale, especially those relating to the dissemination of knowledge on cultural heritage. This goal should be supported by activities such as the monitoring of the state of preservation and the evaluation of the heritage resource, the building and development of the nationwide geospatial database about monuments and the improvement of access to collections through their digitalisation. The Institute continues to issue opinions and expertises concerning monument-related activities to public administration bodies, but it is also obliged to carry out, upon the Minister’s order, a part of tasks of the ministry of culture resulting from the accession of Poland to the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention and, in particular, carry out works to ensure standards of protection, conservation and presentation of World Heritage sites, monitor and evaluate their condition, co-ordinate work on the preparation of management plans and supervise their implementation as well as participate in international co-operation with a view to the protection of cultural heritage. In order to implement these tasks, the Institute has the properly qualified staff and supplements its technical equipment within the limits of its financial possibilities. Some difficulty is caused by the lack of adequate place both for the expanding documentation resources and for arrangement of research workshops. The Centre for Documentation of Monuments has actually grappled with the lack of appropriate premises since the beginning of its existence; currently, after a series of organisational changes and mergers, the National Heritage Board of Poland with its rich archives and specialistic workshops is located in four separate facilities in and outside Warsaw, in accidental rooms that are completely inadequate to the kind of its activity. This means that, after 50 years of its activity, the institution is entering the new stage as the National Heritage Board of Poland without a seat that would be adequate to its name and role. Such a situation hinders the current activity of the institution and, in the first place, does not contribute to the improvement of mutual relations between employees and the building of an integrated team and causes a serious problem to a very large number of clients making use of the dispersed collections.
EN
This article has been based on the lecture with which the author opened a jubilee session of the Monuments' Documentation Centre, devoted to "Documentation and Recording of Monuments in Poland — 25 Years of the Monuments’ Documentation Centre in Warsaw" (Warsaw, October 29, 1987). Tadeusz Chrzanowski presents to the Readers his personal reminiscences of cooperation with the Monuments’ Documentation Centre, with which he has been associated from its very beginning. These personal reflections give us a picture of the Centre’s activities in the field of recording and documentation of monuments. Much emphasis has been put also on the publishing work of the Centre. Still, in the first place the author brings to the fore the contribution of the people who have created the Centre and promoted its activities.
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Dział Wydawnictw

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Dział Archeologii

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EN
Formally speaking, the National Heritage Board of Poland (NHBP) is simply the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments (NCRDM) with the altered name and the revised statutes adapted to current challenges faced by the monument protection system. Thus, NHBP is not only a continuation of NCRDM, but still the same institution. This means it is also the legal successor of institutions that were incorporated into it during the last 10 years: the Centre for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage (2007), the Centre for the Protection of Historic Landscape (2002) and, primarily, the Centre for Documentation of Monuments (2002). The Centre for Documentation of Monuments was established on 1 January 1962 in order to improve the stock-taking of monuments for the rational planning of their reconstruction and maintenance. The establishment of CDM anticipated the provisions of the 1970 UNESCO Convention, which recommended, among others, the creation of services and agencies collecting the records and documentation of national heritage and their regular updating by member states. The primary foundation of CDM’s activity was the stock-taking and documentation of historic objects. The mission of the National Heritage Board of Poland is to create a basis for the sustainable protection of heritage. The activity of NHBP focuses on three main areas. These are: the collection and dissemination of knowledge about heritage, the determination and dissemination of standards of protection and maintenance of monuments, the formation of social awareness regarding the values and maintenance of Polish cultural heritage for future generations. The similarity of goals and tasks of the National Heritage Board of Poland and the Centre for Documentation of Monuments is striking and unaccidental. As in the peak period of CDM’s activity, the most important priority is the need to record and document the resource of monuments. Another area that is still an important priority is the dissemination of the best standards of protection and maintenance of particular categories of monuments. Finally, there is an area of education regarding heritage, which is understood as training and popularisation activities carried out in many fields and adapted to the needs of various professional and social groups, the aim of which is to convince the public opinion that heritage is not only something that must be protected, but something that is worth protecting. The foundation of all activities of NHBP is the conviction of the need to collect full and reliable information about the resource of cultural heritage of Poland in one place, in the form adapted to the needs of all groups of recipients, with the use of tools adequate to the 21st-century requirements. NHBP is still not a scientific or research institution, nor does it take over the competencies of conservation services. It constitutes a base for all environments and professional groups dealing with the protection of monuments in Poland and builds a social base for the idea of protection of our heritage for future generations – if we combine NHBP’s activities with CDM’s activities, this process has been carried out for 50 years.
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An essential element of the system of monuments’ protection is knowledge on their resources and condition. This information can be found in records of monuments. Within 25 years of its existence the Monuments' Documentation Centre has produced and developed model systems for monuments’ registering. Record cards of individual kinds of monuments are interlinked; they are of the same size and have the same columns. Moreover, they are adapted for the use in a computerized information system. . In its recording activities the Monument’ Documentation Centre follows the principle according to which recording of monuments must be regularly verified and updated. This, i.a., flows from the fact that criteria of the evaluation of monuments’ values get changed. Taking the above principle into consideration it may be said that the completeness of recording of different kinds of monuments varies. One of most comprehensive, although regularly updated, is the register of historic towns kept by Town Developing Department. It has been based on a preliminary recording of 1,264 localities carried out still in 1962-1963. The material from that period includes basic historic and demographic information as well as statistical registers of historic objects, characteristics of spatial a rrangements and illustrative material. These data were verified and updated in the seventies and eighties. The verification is continued. Town Developing Department collects also aerial photographs (black and white and colour ones) of towns, buildings and architectural complexes. This collection has become very useful in the work done by the team of experts of the Interbranch Commission for the Rehabilitation of Towns and Old- -Town Complexes. Another register carried out by the Monuments' Documentation Centre comprises structures and complexes of architecture and building. In a way it is made up of two parts: the so-called green cards produced during the recording done at the end of the fifties and the so-called white cards. Green cards cover ca 46,000 buildings. White ones, introduced in 1975, are more comprehensive when compared to green ones with regard to the descriptive information and photographic material. White cards (drawn by 1987) cover ca 30,000 objects. Along with the introduction of white cards work was initiated on a new register of monuments of architecture and building on index cards. This register provided abbreviated data on objects but it covered quite a big number of structures. Until 1987 nearly 260,000 index cards were prepared. The data written on them provided the basis for publications containing registers of monuments of architecture and building in individual voivodships. It also enables a statistical analysis of historic resources. In the last decade the Monuments’ Documentation Centre got engaged in the recording of archaeological properties. The programme for a complete register of archaeological sites available during surface studies (The Archaeological Picture of Poland) covers record cards, instructions, division into research sites, trainings, mode of financing and supervision of the studies made. It was developed in the Monuments’ Documentation Centre, which is its coordinator. By 1987 nearly half of Poland was examined and ca 136,000 archaeological sites were recorded. The register of movable property is a separate item. Department for Movable Monuments prepares ca 10,000 cards a year. It runs a central index of works of art and artistic crafts. Special attention is paid to those historic objects which are the subject of interest to a small number of specialists only and because of that the possibility to documentate them is rather small. This applies to goldsmithery, music instruments, textiles, vehicles et.c. The recording of movable property is combined with the making of dictionaries of specialized terminology, which are both a tool in recording work and an indispensable instrument for future computerization. An important place in recording activities of the Monuments' Documentation Centre is occupied by the compiling of information on museums. Museology Department compiles and updates an index of all museums in Poland. It also draws documentation on museum exhibits, microfilming of inventory books and scientific cards. The publishing of attainments of the Centre is the task of Publishing Department. It publishes 3 periodicals („Spotkania z Zabytkami” ,, „Ochrona Zabytkow", „Muzealnictwo” ), 3 series of „Biblioteka Muzealnictwa” and „Ochrona Zabytkow" as well as other publications (e.g. district registers of monuments). In implementing its tasks the Monuments' Documentation Centre cooperates with a number of organizations and scientific institutions such as the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń, the Institute of Architecture and Engineering of the Technological University in Wrocław and others. This cooperation is very important for the work of the Centre. Summing up this brief outline of recording activities of the Centre it may be said that over 25 years of its existence it has been compiling records on historic structures, providing thus conservation service as well as people and institutions interested in the protection of monuments with information on the state and resources of cultural property in Poland.
EN
Since their foundation on the 1st of July 1991 until now, the Regional Centres and their founding body – the Centre for Documentation of Monuments have been subject to changes and transformations. On the 29th of July 1998, the Minister of Culture and Art approved the existence of 11 Regional Centres for Studies and Protection of Cultural Environment. At the beginning of 2003, CDM was transformed into the National Centre for Research and Documentation of Monuments, and the RCSPCEs into Regional Centres for Research and Documentation of Monuments. Yet another change of the name of the Regional Centres into Local Divisions of the NCRDM occurred in 2010. Since the 1st of January 2011, these institutions have been operating as the Local Divisions of the National Heritage Board of Poland. The idea of the interdisciplinary nature of the Centres’ personnel remains unchanged. Collecting, processing, and sharing information about the region’s heritage and cultural environment had and still has a permanent and fundamental value. In the beginnings of the Centres’ existence, it was important to make the local administration aware of the significance and value of cultural property for the development of local communities. In the mid-1990s, the Regional Centres became partners of local governments in the implementation of tasks related to the protection of monuments and the cultural environment. They cooperated with conservation services and nature conservation institutions. In 2001, a programme of field verification of the register of monuments was prepared, which was resumed thanks to directors M. Gawlicki and P. Florjanowicz, and is still being carried out presently. Modern forms of documentation were introduced. After 1995, the Regional Centres received the records and resources of the former PP PKZ (State Enterprise Monument Conservation Studios). The archives became available for the circle of researchers and students. In 2002, the Centres began cooperating with Marshal Offices creating web portals which featured verified information about cultural heritage. Cooperation with local governments resulted in the implementation of the “Programmes for the Guardianship of Monuments” and the creation of a methodological guide on the subject, among others. Problem-based conferences organised by the Centres were and still are very significant. A new form of monument protection – cultural park, was created partly thanks to the experiences of the employees of the Regional Centres. The Centres’ activity is visible when drawing up applications for monuments of history and inscriptions on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Archaeological research, and gathering knowledge about archaeological sites and finds have all the time been included in the orbit of the Centres’ tasks and interests. Since 1993, the Centres have organised the European Heritage Days. This activity results in the engagement of local governments, regional societies, PTTK (Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society), and the media in the preparation of the EHD. For years, publishing activity in the form of cyclical publications, periodicals, and books has been carried out on a large scale. The Centres have initiated and developed projects of cultural trails, including the wooden architecture trail. Since 1992, the Centres have established cooperation with heritage institutions in Slovakia, Lithuania, and Germany (the inscription of the Muskauer Park on the UNESCO World Heritage List). The Regional Centres have cooperated with international organisations, and helped with organising international activities of the headquarters. In the 20 years of their existence, the Centres have carried out enormous work related to the documentation of the Polish cultural heritage. They have significantly contributed to hundreds of conferences, symposiums, and trainings. They have convinced local authorities that the cultural landscape and monuments attract tourists and investments. The verification of the register of monuments, which is being carried out right now, is an attempt at a systemic review of the resources and the state of protection of monuments in Poland. The Centres make up a network of the most deeply settled field agencies of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, providing access to up-to-date information from the regions, the monitoring of monuments, and the possibility to directly communicate the state politics in the regions.
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Pracownia Urbanistyki

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EN
The National Heritage Board of Poland continues directly the activity of the first institution dealing with the collection, elaboration and popularisation of knowledge on historical monuments in Poland – the Centre for Documentation of Monuments, which was established in 1962. The organisational structure of the institution evolved, but among its priority tasks there were still documentation-related works: collection, elaboration and making available of the record of monuments in the form of record documentation and legal documentation of all registered monuments. The department which has carried out these tasks in a virtually unaltered manner is the current Monument Record and Register Department. The current tasks of the Department include also the elaboration of documentation standards, preparation of the record, keeping of the register of monuments and training of conservation services in this respect. Currently we are also supervising the performance of the monument register verification project – the description of the resource of monuments in Poland. These activities make it possible to provide successive generations with knowledge on the material culture of our ancestors, on authentic, transformed or defunct objects, complexes of objects and the cultural landscape. Our documentations are used in scientific studies and research works and constitute a basis for conservation projects. They are used for restoring the destroyed and defunct objects that constitute a significant element of national heritage. The Monument Record and Register Department collects, elaborates and provides access to knowledge on monuments in Poland in a continuous manner (under various names). MRRD collects duplicates of the documentation of monuments forming a part of the collection of the national record of monuments, which is elaborated for the needs of voivodeship conservators and by voivodeship conservators of monuments, that are sent to NHBP. The record as a form of documentation dates back to the middle of the 18th century and its legal grounds were established in 1928. The following record documentations are kept in the Monument Record and Register Department (amount as at 31.12.2011): • record cards of monuments of architecture and historic buildings (138,304 items, including 104,420 white cards and 33,884 green cards), • address cards of monuments (650,000), • records of historic greens (9,249), • record cards of cemeteries (25,367), • town planning files (1,274), • cards of movable monuments (371,876), • record cards of movable monuments of technology (9,710). Other forms of record documentation being used currently are the communal record of monuments and record lists of monuments. The regular updating of the list of shortages is one of the elements of the keeping of the central record of monuments in the activity of MRRD. Many activities concerning the documentation of monuments are performed in accordance with the well-established tradition. The challenging process that is necessary to carry out is the digitalisation of collections of the record. The central register of monuments has been kept as a primary form of monument protection since 1962. The Department maintains a uniform database system, which is understood as a specially developed kind of software (Multiarch). The database of objects entered into the register of monuments that is kept in NHBP is the only database in Poland that encompasses all legally protected non-movable and movable monuments. The verification of the register of nonmovable movements is an important task co-ordinated by the Monument Record and Register Department, which has been carried out by Local Divisions of NHBP since the end of 2008. Long-term plans of verification of the register of monuments apply to movable monuments, too. In practice, the performance of the main aforementioned tasks is often connected with additional activities, part of which is a consequence of the employees’ own initiative, knowledge and commitment as well as identification with the 50-year tradition and achievements of NHBP’s predecessors.
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