(Title in Polish - 'Sankcja dokonania czynnosci prawnej bez umocowania lub z przekroczeniem zakresu umocowania przez osoby występujace w charakterze organu osoby prawnej'). The subject matter of the article is to answer the question: what are the legal consequences of an act performed by persons acting on behalf of a legal entity as its organ when these persons go beyond the actual scope of authority they have? This issue is addressed in some statutes which concerns specific type of legal persons. However, there is no general regulation in the Polish Civil Code, as opposed to the consequences of an act performed by the agent acting without authority or beyond the actual scope of authority. Art. 39 of the Polish Civil Code specifies only who is liable for the loss which results from such kind of an act. It does not deal with the question of validity of that act. In the article different solutions suggested in the legal literature are analyzed. The author shares the opinion that such an act may be validated by ratification. These considerations are preceded by the presentation of the concepts of the legal entity and explanation of the way in which legal acts, performed by persons acting as organs, are ascribed to legal entity.
This paper aims at an experimental evaluation of the quality of the wood used in the manufacture of wooden organ pipes. For this purpose we created a stock of pipes, using various types of wood for the walls of the pipes and for the front board. Using this trial stock of pipes, we conducted a series of experimental measurements, proceeding from an analysis of the sound spectrum. It was shown that what exerts the most fundamental influence on the quality of the sound spectrum is the measure of the pipe and its intonation. This reality is confirmed by the fact that despite the use of varying materials and varied thickness of walls, under constant conditions (pressure, temperature) the resonance mode of all the pipes examined is at the same frequency. A further finding is that the material of the front board and walls may have an influence on the creation of a disturbing (humming) component of the tone of the pipe under certain conditions and circumstances, and indeed on the creation of harmonic tones. Even a small change in the original tuning of a historical pipe causes relatively marked changes in the actual sound system of the pipe. This fact has significant consequences in the field of restoring historical organs and on changes to the tuning of those instruments.
Positive organs in the past belonged to the most common small instruments built namely in churches of little towns and villages in Slovakia. The submitted study presents the results of an organ research on a positive organ coming from 1698, built in the Roman-Catholic church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Mokra Luka in the region of Central Gemer. This instrument is one of the oldest completely preserved historical organs in Slovakia. It is distinguished by a rich beautiful sound resulting from the specification of the instrument comprehending an organ stop very unique for the time, (Heltig) Quinta 2 2/3', with pipes completely made of wood and lacking any breaks. Pipes of organ stops made of pipe metal include a significant portion of tin; 88.42 % in pipes of organ front and 72.67 % of tin in inner pipes.
The paper contains new information about the positive organ in the village of Sása (district of Revúca). The following facts were determined by analysis: the identity of the organ-builder Michal Kiszely; an approximate dating of the instrument’s construction to the 1820s; and the instrument’s precise disposition. An examination of the scaling of all registers showed a resultant scale proportion of 5:8, and also a secondary raising of the cut-up in all registers. From material research of the wooden registers it was found that resonance wood was not used; the resonant Norway spruce was used for a small part of pipes. Tis material will enable us to date the instrument’s construction with the help of dendrochronology. The metal registers from the organ’s metallic part are composed of an alloy in the proportion of 65% tin and 35% lead. Apart from degradation by woodworm, the original intonation has suffered also damage, as shown by analysis of the frequency spectrum of sound in all registers. The pitch needs to be retuned in the wooden as well as in the metal registers. Our summary organologic findings concerning this instrument can be used in further application outputs.
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