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1

Prima principia linguae Bohemicae – stručná mluvnička češtiny ze 17. století

100%
Vintr J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
|
2010
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vol. 93
|
issue 4-5
248-252
EN
In addition to the Jesuit grammars of Czech by J. Drachovius (Olomouc, 1660), J. Konstanc (Prague, 1667) and M. V. Steyer (Prague, 1668), the anonymous concise grammar book Prima principia linguae Bohemicae (approx. 1678) was also published at the Jesuit printing office in Prague. On 48 pages, it contains the basic rules of Czech orthography and the nominal and verbal paradigms. The majority of the paradigms and the orthography rules correspond to those in the handbook by M. V. Steyer, who probably is also the author of Prima principia. The book's description of the main traits of what was at that time the higher standard bears witness to its stabilized form and continuity not only up until the end of the 18th century, which is reflected by its reprint in 1783, but also in the long term. If we compare the phonological formation and the paradigms of this higher variety of Middle Czech with the forms of the present-day standard, we do not find any essential differences.
2

POWER AND SPELLING

100%
Balazs G.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2007
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vol. 131
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issue 4
402-413
EN
This paper discusses certain phenomena, features, and signs of power or hierarchical roles in writing, writing habits, and especially in spelling (including the regulation of orthography and its everyday practice in offices as well as in popular contexts). The overall framework is anthropo- and socio-semantic, and the material investigated is based on concrete observations, especially data drawn from Hungarian sources. The major manifestations, mechanisms, and signs of power discussed here include the following: belief in the magic power of writing, choice of type of writing, regulation of orthography (spelling reform, language reform), nostalgic romanticism, degradation, ways of catching readers' attention, discrimination, and counter-cultural forms of expression.
3

POETRY, ORTHOGRAPHY, STENOGRAPHY

100%
Elekfi L.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2007
|
vol. 131
|
issue 2
143-151
EN
Since the year 2000, the section on orthography of 'SzoVilag' [The world of words], a journal for shorthand writers, typists and typographers, has been headed by Maria Zambori, a volume of whose exquisite poems has recently been published. Both her pedagogical essays on the difficulties of orthography and her scholarly papers discussing the abbreviatory conventions of Hungarian stenography are characterised by a delicate humour and playfulness that also feature in her poems. Even though stenography is being supplanted by sound recording devices in many parts of the world and in most areas of life, it is nevertheless indispensable in Parliament, for instance. The Minutes of Parliament had not been marred by so many errors in fifty years as in the six months during which, for the sake of economy, professional stenographers were replaced by employees of the National Bureau of Translators to take shorthand of the speeches delivered in parliament. The activity of a stenographer putting down public speeches is not at all similar to that of a translator; if anything, it is closer to the work of a simultaneous interpreter.
4

ZSIGMOND SIMONYI AND HUNGARIAN ORTHOGRAPHY

100%
Szathmari I.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2007
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vol. 131
|
issue 3
265-270
EN
The speaker first expressed his appreciation of the past ten years of Zsigmond Simonyi spelling contests. Next, he pointed out the appropriacy of the choice of Simonyi's name for that series of contests. The feature that he said both Simonyi's oeuvre and the history of Hungarian orthography shared was 'reality'. He pointed out that Simonyi's greatest achievement had been that he had raised the standards of the study of Hungarian to match those of the Finno-Ugric studies of his day. Also, Simonyi had been a versatile scholar, working in almost every subdiscipline of linguistics. With respect to orthography, he had proposed some streamlining that was subsequently adopted by Hungarian schools in 1903 but was not accepted by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences until 1922. The speaker then went on to characterise the current spelling system of Hungarian as alphabetic, Latin-based, phonemic, sense-reflecting and observant of actual usage. He mentioned the latest spelling manuals and expanded on the expected future of Hungarian orthography, too.
5

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ACRONYMS

100%
Biro J.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2007
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vol. 131
|
issue 4
413-429
EN
The author's main aim was to present new problems or inconsistencies emerging in the spelling of acronyms. This is important since acronyms constitute a part of the Hungarian word stock that is undergoing changes at the fastest rate today. Deficiencies in the 11th edition of the Rules of Hungarian Orthography have been clearly pointed out by this empirical study, suggesting furthermore that phenomena diverging from the orthographical norms have to be traced back to some serious reason(s). A deeper understanding of those reasons could be based on an even more extensive study. One thing is certain: in creating the 12th edition of the rule book, tendencies occurring in the everyday practice of writing ought to be taken into consideration, and gaps in the regulations have to be filled in, in accordance with the general logic of Hungarian orthography.
6

INCIDENTAL LETTERS, NUMBERS, AND EXTENSIONS IN MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL TEXTS

100%
Bosze P.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2007
|
vol. 131
|
issue 2
151-162
EN
This paper gives a definition of, and summarizes orthographical issues related to, incidental letters/numbers/extensions. These are letters, numbers, and extensions appended to technical terms and forming an integral part of those. The given concepts, therefore, are not independently signalled without them, hence the name 'incidental'. Their coherence with the basic terms has to be indicated in writing, too, thus they are spelt solid (or hyphenated) with the basic term or acronym, etc. They significantly differ from attributive letters, numbers, and extensions, respectively; the latter are not part of the concepts referred to but merely convey additional information on some of their properties.
7

NEJEDNOZNAČNOSŤ PRI PÍSANÍ NIEKTORÝCH TYPOV VLASTNÝCH MIEN

88%
Závodný A.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
|
2015
|
vol. 80
|
issue 1-2
73 - 94
EN
When writing certain types of proper names, some ambiguities that can be caused by several linguistic or non-linguistic factors occur in linguistic practice. Ambiguity can appear in the words and phrases, in which the boundaries between proper names and appellatives blur, and without the mastery of general knowledge about the object it is impossible to reliably determine whether it refers to a proper name or an object in general. Similarly, it is not always clear, whether the phenomenon is to be treated as a special event, or a general event, and whether descriptive names are proper names or not. In our language, however, it is likely to encounter with such proper names, the form of which is currently orthographically difficult to be rationalized. In addition to the above-mentioned issues, orthographic ambiguity, however, may also cause perceiving of some words in the language as proper names while other words in lexical stock with an analogous function are perceived as appellatives.
8
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Psaní velkých písmen v názvech svátků a období církevního roku pravoslavné církve

88%
Koutová M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
|
2011
|
vol. 94
|
issue 2
71-78
EN
Writing capital letters in the names of holidays and periods of the liturgical year creates problems for many writers, because the codification concerning this matter is relatively insufficient. This fact causes volatility of usage not only in Czech Orthodox texts, but in Czech religious texts in general. This article summarizes the opinions on this topic in the literature and offers some suggestions.
9
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WAYS TO THE CHANGE OF ORTHOGRAPHY: FROM GOTHIC TO ROMAN CHARACTERS (Od pisowni gotyckiej do lacinskiej - droga przemian)

88%
Jansone I.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
|
2009
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vol. 33
13-28
EN
On January 25, 1908, an Orthography Commission was founded at the Science Union of the Latvian Society with Karlis Milenbahs as a chairman. On June 17, 1908, the Orthography Commission held a convincing vote for the new orthography. The main principles of this new orthography can be characterised by the following traits: use of Roman letters in print; dropping 'h' as a lengthening mark; all long vowels must be denominated with a horizontal dash notwithstanding their position; diphthongs ie and o must be denominated according to the Lithuanian model – ie and uo; cluster letters sch, zch, tsch must be discarded; palatal consonants must be denominated by a mark above or a comma under the respective consonant; w must not be used in any position. Starting with 1909, this orthography was taught at schools. In 1919, an instruction was passed by the Commissariat of Education 'On the Latvian Language Writing at Schools' accepting the 1908 orthography with a single exception - the diphthongs ie and o had to be written as ee and o. During the 20ies and 30ies of the 20th century, the consolidation process of this orthography in writing was going on. The first authors in the 16th century of the books written in Latvian were German clergymen who moulded the Latvian writing according to their German reading and writing skills. The main features of this orthography were the Gottic letters, 'h' as a lengthening mark, the so called 'cluster letters' for indicating the consonants 'diacritical s, z, c', differences in the reproduction of diphthongs, for example 'ee' and 'o' and an immense inconsistence all in all. Several rather successful attempts to improve the Latvian writing were made as early as in the 17th-18th century (G. Mancelis, K. Firekers, H. Adolfijs, orthography sessions for the second edition of the Bible), but they mostly concerned the changes in sound denominations. The possibility to change the Gothic type for Roman letters was not discussed. In 1847, the Latvian doctor Juris Bars initiated essential changes in the writing of the Latvian language. He had the following proposal: to use Roman letters; to denominate the long vowels with two types of lengthening marks depending on intonation; to denominate the diphthongs 'ie' and 'uo' with 'ia' and 'ua'; to denominate the letters s, z, c with Roman letters, but to reflect the palatal consonants by crossed respective consonant letters; to retain 'w'. In 1876, the Science Union of the Latvian Society elaborated an orthography of its own containing the following proposals: to use Roman letters, to denominate the sibilants s, c, z with a mark above the letters, to denominate the palatal consonants l, n, r, k with a comma mark under the letters, to abandon intonation differences in the denomination of long vowels, to retain the reflection of the diphthong 'ie' by 'ee'.
10

PRAVOPISNÉ PROBLÉMY RODNÝCH MIEN A ICH DERIVÁTOV

88%
Valentová I.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
|
2022
|
vol. 87
|
issue 2
62 – 88
EN
The Slovak official anthroponymic system consists of two functional members – first name and surname. The choice and registration of the first name in Slovakia is regulated by law. In the past, it was possible to register only the so-called official form of the first name, which respected the pronunciation, spelling and grammar principles valid in standard Slovak. The list of these basic neutral first names contains the book “Vyberte si meno pre svoje dieťa” /Choose a name for your child (1998) by M. Majtán and M. Považaj. However, some of them were used in other forms than codified. In accordance with the applicable laws, foreign language first names and other foreign language equivalents of such first names, which already have a domesticated form, is now possible to register. The paper deals with the analysis of more obvious spelling problems of first names, which caused these changes and which resulted from registry records and language practice. In particular these problems concern the pronunciation of long and short vowels in already domesticated standard first names, the form their notations and the creation of diminutives and possessive adjectives from foreign first names and other foreign language equivalents. The author focuses especially on capitalization in first names.
11
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Norma současné španělštiny a její kodifikace

75%
Čermák P.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
|
2012
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vol. 94
|
issue 2
99-111
EN
The article discusses difficulties with the codification of Spanish. It analyses diverse relevant aspects of the issue: territorial and social varieties of the language, complex historical connections between European and American Spanish (for a long time treated as a centre-periphery relation), absence of a fully-fledged theory of the norm of standard Spanish, the sheer size of the Spanish-speaking territories, etc. The article then proceeds to analyse the inadequacies of existing theories applied to this problem. After assessing the possibilities of applying the recently introduced polycentric norm to various language levels, the article concludes by hailing this concept as a significant step forward in the history of the codification of Spanish.
12
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Lingvistický odkaz Ľudovíta Nováka

75%
Sabol J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
|
2010
|
vol. 92
|
issue 1-2
18-29
EN
In his paper, the author considers both the methodological and the research contribution of the Academician Ľudovít Novák (*15th October 1908 in Skalica – †27th September 1992 in Ľubochňa), the creator of modern Slovak linguistics. His work as its founder and as a philologist influenced Slovak linguistic thought. In a wider context, it was also influential especially in the field of Slovak orthoepy and phonology, that of phonological and partly morphological, but also “external”, history of the Slovak language and within the milieu of general linguistics.
13

NÁVRH NA VEDECKÝ SYSTÉM PREPISU Z ARABČINY PODĽA SPISOVNEJ NORMY A ČIASTOČNÚ VOKALIZÁCIU. 3. DIEL ČIASTOČNÁ VOKALIZÁCIA

75%
Lacináková M.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
|
2021
|
vol. 86
|
issue 3
279 – 291
EN
This paper is the third part of the three part’s study presenting recommendations for the transcription of Arabic texts into Latin script in Slovak scientific – mainly linguistic works, based on the author’s own experience. When transcribing Arabic words into a different sign system for the purposes of such works, one often considers it useful that their transcribed forms be accompanied by the original ones. In most Arabic texts, orthographic and orthoepic signs are usually not written. The system of partial vocalization of Arabic texts suggested here (for the cases where it is needed or helpful) was mainly inspired by the author’s own experience with the problems stemming from a lack of such a system, which would (and hopefully will) enhance the work of an editor, linguist, as well as that of a teacher of Arabic concerning its written form.
14

ORTOGRAFICKÉ VÝSKUMY A PRAVOPISNÉ REFORMY V ČASOPISE SLOVENSKÁ REČ

75%
Bónová I., Jasinská L.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
|
2022
|
vol. 87
|
issue 3
366 – 388
EN
In this paper, we focus on contributions mainly aimed at spelling and orthographic conceptions in Slovak, published from the beginning of the Slovenská reč journal until the present. We predominantly deal with the problems of orthography, which is often inevitably interconnected with other spheres of language. Some topics from the field of Slovak orthography were treated in a complex manner, others, on the contrary, offered partial views on system deviations or dealt only with partial phenomena. Along with a number of specifically-oriented articles, contributors from the field of orthography especially paid attention to the writing of prefixes s- and z-, the usage of graphemes y and i, and the writing of capital letters in naming of a differentiated type. A substantial body of research focuses on papers concerning adopting and adaptation of words and their spelling in Slovak. Many articles were parts of discussions related to the preparation of orthographic conceptions and also the Rules of Slovak Spelling in 1931, 1940, 1953 and 1991.
15

GENITÍVNA PREDLOŽKA Z, ZO, INŠTRUMENTÁLOVÁ PREDLOŽKA S, SO A ČASTICA ZO V KODIFIKÁCIÁCH SPISOVNEJ SLOVENČINY OD KONCA 18. STOROČIA DO POLOVICE 20. STOROČIA

63%
Kopecká M.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
|
2016
|
vol. 81
|
issue 1-2
6 – 29
EN
The article deals with the prepositions z, zo and s, so and particle zo in the literary Slovak language since Bernolák’s codification at the end of the 18th century to The Rules of the Slovak Orthography published in 1953. The rules of using prepositions and particle in that time were different (phonetic-phonological principle, grammatical principle, etymological principle with semantic criteria), because of existing historical, social and language situation. Štúr’s codification (1846) was progressive approach, which did not accept Bernolák’s phonetic-phonological principle and also orthographical tradition and continuity with the pre-literary period (etymological principle in Slovak and Czech). M. Hattala in his work Mluvnica jazyka slovenského (1864) did not accept Štúr’s grammatical principle and followed tradition and continuity with Czech. Etymological principle was dominated in Slovak orthography up to the first half of the 20th century (Rukoväť spisovnej reči slovenskej, 1902 – 1919, The Rules of the Slovak Orthography, 1931, 1940). From the point of view of language and orthography development it was necessary to accept Bartek’s unsuccessful proposal from the end of the 30th years of the 20th century (The Rules of the Slovak Orthography, 1939; which preferred Štúr’s grammatical principle) in The Rules of the Slovak Orthography published in 1953.
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