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POHREBISKO OTOMANSKEJ KULTÚRY V SENI

100%

Horváthová E.

Študijné zvesti

2011

issue 49

115 - 141

The rescue archaeological excavation in Seňa (district Košice-environs) was prompted by a gas pipeline construction for the industrial park Kechnec, which intersected the cadastre of villages Belža, Seňa and Kechnec in the length of 2,950 m. The site most threatened by the pipeline was the eastern part of the position Vyšný lán in Seňa cadastre with a confirmed polycultural settlement dated to the Eneolithic, the Early and Middle Bronze Age, and the Roman Period. An Otomani culture cemetery was founded here in the Early Bronze Age. Later, in the Middle Bronze Age, the area was settled by people of the Piliny culture. We have examined sixteen sepulchral pits from Otomani culture, two of which were empty, three robbed and another three were situated in a superposition with Piliny culture pits. The so-called inhumation burial rite was confirmed on the cemetery. The dead had been laid in the grave in contracted position, either on the left or right side (depending on the sex). The position of sepulchral pits in pit II confirms that they were arranged in rows or smaller groups. The pits were dug in north-south and northeast-southwest direction. They had more or less rectangular shape and rounded corners, the walls were perpendicular, oblique, and in one case step-shaped above the bottom. The bottom was flat, sometimes slightly lower in the middle. While excavating some of the pits, regular grey earth stripes could be recognized along the longer sides, which are thought to be remains of wooden lining. Burial equipment consisted mostly of pottery (one to four vessels). The most numerous were jugs, less common were dishes, and there was only one cylindrical vessel. Also smaller objects made of bronze and faience were included. The preserved grave finds can be preliminarily dated to the classical phase of Otomani culture – BA 3 level. To some extent they can be synchronized with the youngest burial phase on the cemetery in Nižná Myšľa in the position Várhegy II.

METALLURGY AND EARLY BRONZE AGE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS IN SLOVAKIA

84%

Batora J.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2009

vol. 57

issue 2

195-219

The study presents proofs of metallurgical production at fortified settlements of the Early Bronze Age cultures on the territory of Slovakia in the northern part of the Carpathian basin in the chronological succession they appeared. Since the beginning of the 1950s close attention has been paid to the research of fortified settlements in Slovakia. Owing to this Slovakia and Slovak archaeology made an important step in raising awareness of the European scientific public. Relevant precondition for metallurgy development were deposits of non-ferrous metals (copper, gold and tin), which are situated first of all in regions of central and eastern Slovakia. From the point of view of metallurgical development in fortified settlements, the area where the western Unetice culture meets the eastern Hatvan culture, appears to be of extraordinary importance. In the final period of the Early Bronze Age the number of fortified settlements in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin increased and the development of metallurgical production culminated. While metallurgy in the period of the Hatvani culture was concentrated at areas of fortified settlements prevailingly, in the following period, that of the Madarovce culture, we can find proofs of metallurgical activities also out of fortified areas, at open space (Nitra, Bahon). This makes the region of the Madarovce culture close to that of the Veterov culture. Even more distinctively than in the Madarovce culture in south-western Slovakia, metallurgy of non-ferrous metals is documented in the Otomani culture in eastern Slovakia. This observation does not point out the fact that metallurgical production in the Madarovce culture was on noticeably lower level than in the Otomani culture. More probably it refers to different extinction of majority of fortified settlements in the Madarovce and in the Otomani cultures. While small number of hoards and almost total absence of bronze and golden artefacts in settlements of the Madarovce culture may refer to their gradual extinction, occurrence of numerous hoards of these artefacts in the Otomani culture, frequently hidden under a hut/dwelling floor, indicate their abrupt, probably catastrophic end.

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1 Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

1 Študijné zvesti

1 2011

1 2009

1 Batora J.

1 Horváthová E.

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POHREBISKO OTOMANSKEJ KULTÚRY V SENI

METALLURGY AND EARLY BRONZE AGE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS IN SLOVAKIA