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EN
The paper looks at the impact of over-education and under-education on earnings in Hungary over the period 1994-2002, using a large set of cross-section data representative of employees. Schooling was measured in years of education, while required education was proxied by modal years of education in occupations, and the difference between employees' observed education and the modal education of their occupation allowed them to be classified as under-educated, over-educated or educated as required. The standard results were gained. 1. An extra year of required education and over-education yields positive and an extra year of under-education negative wage premiums. 2. The economic return on required education is higher than on over-education. 3. The penalty for under-education is smaller than the return on required education. Rising demand for educated workers and increases in higher-education supply were seen over the period. Initially, supply seems to have been rather inelastic, which brought rising wage premiums for the over-educated. Then it gained elasticity, leading to higher economic returns on required education. The proportion of over-ucated workers increased from 11 per cent in 1994 to 24 per cent in 2002.
EN
Submitted article deals with the problem of over-education. It offers a brief overview of existing explanations. It introduces a method of over-education measurement based on internationally used classifications ISCO and ISCED. The article brings also some evidence on over-education measured by this method. The analysis is focused on over-education of workers with a degree, which becomes especially interesting in the light of the tertiary education expansion. The question is, in what sense does over-education refer to the supply-demand relations on the labour market. International comparisons of over-education in European countries give some partial answers.
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