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Polityka rządu wobec organizacji pozarządowych w latach 2008‒2016 a kryzys polityczny w Macedonii

100%

Wilk D.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

2017

vol. 7

48-58

The plan to build a stable state in which two ethnic groups living in Macedonia could coexist was set forth in the framework agreement of 31 August 2001 referred to as the Ohrid Framework Agreement. Creating beneficial conditions for the activity of civil society organisations was one of the main points of the framework agreement. After the VMRO-DPMNE party gained power in 2006 and the Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski took authoritarian direction, non-governmental organisations became one of the main entities intended for liquidation. VMRO-DPMNE limited their access to financing and media, demonised them, and imposed restrictions on their activists, considered traitors of the nation. The Macedonian phone hacking scandal from 2015 revealed many irregularities, including attempts to eradicate non-governmental organisations and their activists. At the same time, it awakened the lethargic and scared civil society. The scale of the protests that started in May 2015 convinced the participants that they were able to revolutionise the Macedonian political arena and to take matters into their own hands. New independent associations and organisations wishing to change the politics of the state were created. For the first time, the citizens united across ethnic divides.

The Principles of ASNOM and the Constitutional Historic Legacy for the “Framework” Republic of Macedonia

86%

Jančeva L.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

2014

issue 4(30)

71-78

The Republic of Macedonia is a state of highest democratic standards as reflected in the provisions of its constitution and laws concerning relations between various ethnic, religious and cultural communities. The multiethnic, multicultural and pluralistic nature of the Republic of Macedonia is visible and implemented in all spheres of social life. The human rights declaration adopted at the first sitting of the ASNOM1 is the basic document which defines the multiethnic nature of the just country established, much like the constitutional provisions of the DFM/LRM/SRM2 (1946, 1963 and 1974 respectively), as well as the 1991 constitution of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia, where the Republic of Macedonia was defined asa nation (Macedonian) state with extensive rights granted to ethnic, national and religious minorities. Representatives of ethnic communities sitting in the parliament of the Republic of Macedonia, particularly Albanians, demanded that they be granted the status of the other equal nation. Dissatisfaction escalated and in 2001, i.e. a decade after the Republic of Macedonia had become independent, took a military form, and the conflict resolution was going towards the federalisation of the country. In 2001, a framework (Ohrid) agreement was signed brokered by international partners. Along with the accord, the notion of a nation state was abandoned and consequently also practising majority democracy, a model characteristic of states that are ethnically homogenous. The country was redefined as pluralist, multiethnic and multicultural; as a result instead of majority democracy a “division‑of‑power model” (in practice the term “participatory democracy” is used) was applied, characteristic of multiethnic communities, as prevention against interethnic confrontation.

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1 Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

1 Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

1 2017

1 2014

1 Jančeva L.

1 Wilk D.

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Polityka rządu wobec organizacji pozarządowych w latach 2008‒2016 a kryzys polityczny w Macedonii

The Principles of ASNOM and the Constitutional Historic Legacy for the “Framework” Republic of Macedonia