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1
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Bronze Tripartite Belt Hooks from Pomerania as Proof of Cultural Connections in the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Period

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Strobin A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
3-42
EN
Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late Pre-Roman Period in Pomerania. Here, belt hooks from 31 sites have been collected, all of them related to the Oksywie or Wielbark Cultures, or to the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. Finds from outside of Pomerania are also included as comparative objects. The most common form of such belt hooks in Pomerania was type IIIb, being in use from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Roughly at the same time, these belt hooks appeared in Brandenburg. Belt hooks of type IIIa are somewhat older, while belt hooks of type IIIc are younger, as they were in use from phase A3 up to phase B2 of the Roman Period. Chronology of the artefacts, indicates that Pre-Roman traditions persisted in the Roman Period, even though belt buckles had been already introduced.
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Ceramika kultur oksywskiej i wielbarskiej z Pucka na Pomorzu Wschodnim

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Chrupek S.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
203-210
EN
The article presents an analysis of the settlement pottery of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures obtained during excavations of the medieval town hall at Plac Wolności (Liberty Square) in Puck in the county of the same name in the years 2007–2010 (Fig. 1). The works yielded 988 potsherds, the majority of which represent the Oksywie culture and are dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period. Wielbark culture pottery from the Roman period was recorded in smaller numbers, as were the sherds characteristic of the Lusatian and Pomeranian Cultures not included in this study. Ceramic material occurred in a single layer under the primary humus, with only a few secondarily displaced fragments found in medieval layers. Neither settlement features nor distinct pottery clusters were observed in the prehistoric layer. The pottery of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures was classified based on the findings of A. Strobin (2011) and the study by R. Wołągiewicz (1993), respectively. Most of the very fragmented ceramic material consists of rim sherds and upper body sherds from large (Fig. 2:1–4, 3:1.2), medium (Fig. 3:3. 4:1), and small (Fig. 4:2–4) vessels of different forms and with mouth diameters smaller or equal to the greatest diameter of the body. Among the few identified specimens, there is a medium-sized, Oksywie Culture type V.L vase (Fig. 3:3) and a type VI.C cup (Fig. 4:5) acc. to A. Strobin (2011). A fragment of an inturned rim (Fig. 4:6) probably comes from a handleless type IA pot acc. to R. Wołągiewicz (1993), a form prevalent throughout the entire Roman Period. The shape of the rims (Fig. 2, 3, 4:1–5, 5:2–10) of the Oksywie and Wielbark vessels is characteristic of the pottery made from the end of phase A2 / beginning of phase A3 to the beginning of phase B1, which would indicate continued settlement of the both cultural units at the turn of the era in the area of the present-day market town square in Puck. The few ornamented sherds decorated predominantly with vertical, horizontal, or oblique grooves (Fig. 5:12–14) came from the vessels of both the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures. The sherd with an obliquely incised applied band of clay separated from an ornament of grooved oblique chevrons forming a zigzag by a smooth band (Fig. 5:11) as well as another fragment covered with lines made with a comb (Fig. 5:15) are typical of the Wielbark Culture. An interesting find is the ceramic disc (Fig. 5:16). Until recently, such objects of unclear purpose have been encountered solely at the Przeworsk culture settlements and have appeared in the features associated with the Wielbark culture only at the multicultural sites in Juszkowo-Rusocin, Gdańsk County (J. Bednarczyk, A. Romańska 2011, 181, fig. II:4.5.8–11, pl. II:4.2) and Lipianki, Kwidzyn County (A. Strobin 2015, p. 138–139, figs. 14:2, 20:4, 33:9). The settlement of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures in Puck was situated near a cliff over the Bay of Puck (M. Starski 2011a, pl. 66, fig. 2); such a location is characteristic of the Kashubian Coast sites from the Late Pre-Roman Period (K. Przewoźna 1974a, 172; 1974b, 37). It could have belonged to the Oksywie Culture settlement cluster, composed of the settlements in Jastarnia, Ostrów, Białogóra, and Tupadły and the cemeteries in Karlikowo, Krokowa and Połchowo, all in the County of Puck. Unfortunately, it is difficult to characterise the settlement of the Oksywie and Wielbark Cultures in the area of Kępa Pucka and its surroundings in more detail, as for most of the local sites we only have very sparse information at our disposal.
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Uwagi na temat powiązań kultury oksywskiej z kręgiem jastorfskim i Europą Północną w świetle materiałów z cmentarzyska w Podwiesku, stanowisko 2, pow. Chełmno, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie

100%
Bokiniec E.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LIV
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issue 54
37-48
EN
The cemetery of the Oksywie Culture in Podwiesk, site 2, produced 480 graves; among them were 2 inhumation graves, 477 cremation graves and a single animal grave. Almost all of them (except the inhumation and 2 cremation graves) can be dated to the late Pre-Roman Period. Most interesting are graves furnished with iron brooches with a bronze sheet on the bow, iron “staged” brooches (Stufenfibeln) and bipartite iron belt clasps compound of two or three parts, all dated to the phase A1 and the earlier stage of the phase A2. These finds marked the first stage of the Jastorf Culture influences in the OksywieCculture. The iron brooches with bronze sheets occurred, always in pairs, in 6 graves (Fig. 1, 6, 7). Such brooches were not known from the Oksywie Culture until the horizon of Stufenfibeln and brooches of type C, and still existed in the phase A2. Their closest analogies came from the area on the lower Oder river and on Bornholm. Iron tripartite belt clasps are typical for the Oder group of the Jastorf Culture while bipartite clasps form local Bornholm type. In the Oksywie Culture they are known only from Podwiesk. Both types of belt clasps were found in Podwiesk together with Stufenfibeln and brooches with bronze sheet. Brooches with balls on the bow were quite common both in the Nordic culture and in the Jastorf Culture. A specimen found in Podwiesk (Fig. 1:9) has two connected balls. Such type is known from northern Jutland, Fyn and Bornholm, as well as from eastern Holstein and Mecklenburg. Most frequent in the Podwiesk cemetery are Stufenfibeln. 27 specimens were found in 22 graves. All of them are of the late La Tène construction, almost rectangular or trapezoid form with a band-shaped bow widened toward a head. Two groups of those brooches could be distinguished: brooches 3,5–5,5 cm long with short, 4–8-coil spring (Fig. 2) and brooches 4,0–6,2 cm long with longer, 8–13-coil spring (Fig. 3). The discussed finds indicate that in the early phase of late Pre-Roman Period on the southern Baltic coast appeared new forms of ornaments and costumes. Some of them could come from Gotland and Bornholm, others from the Jastorf Culture territory. Great number of those finds evidenced strong and constant connections between Pomerania and both Scandinavia and Oder-Elbe region.
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Pęsetka brązowa z cmentarzyska kultury oksywskiej w Wyczechowie, pow. kartuski

100%
Strobin A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
127-143
EN
A slightly disturbed urned grave of Oksywie Culture discovered by accident in 2004 at Wyczechowo site 9, comm. Somonino produced fragments of a destroyed urn, an iron brooch – J. Kostrzewski type I (1919), a biconical miniature vessel and a pair of bronze tweezers (Fig. 1). Sixty finds of tweezers are known from Oksywie Culture deposits, most of them made of iron (Figs. 3A, 4–6). Of these the majority correspond to J. Kostrzewski’s group I (1919, list 75, 76), mainly, types IB and C (Figs. 4:2–10, 5). Group II is represented by a smaller number of pieces characterised by narrow and straight arms, which expand only at their terminals to a triangular (Fig. 6:1–3) or rectangular shape (Fig. 6:4). A different form, defined as ‘rectangular’, known from Podwiesk belongs to group III (Fig. 6:5.6). Except for a single specimen from Nowe Dobra, grave 11/1905 (Fig. 4:4) all the other iron tweezers lack ornamentation. This is unlike bronze tweezers, which are mostly forms classified as type IB (Figs. 3B, 7:1–6) – all are ornamented on the loop and arms. Iron tweezers are dated generally to phases A2 and A3 whereas bronze forms tend to cluster in the later segment of phase A2, and chiefly in phase A3. Pieces recorded in Oksywie Culture deposits mostly occurred in urned graves containing ‘male’ grave goods. A small number of is recorded in grave assemblages of Jastorf Culture and its related cultures (Bornholm, Gotland, Oland, Poieneşti-Lukaševka). Tweezers are relatively frequent in Przeworsk C. deposits where they are noted in contexts dated to phase A1. During the Roman Period tweezers – mostly bronze specimens – are recorded in Wielbark Culture, both in male and in female graves. The purpose of tweezers is not entirely clear. It appears that next to their role of cosmetic or medial implements they may have been used also as ornaments, as suggested by the fine specimen from Wyczechowo.
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Studia nad lateńskimi oraz prowincjonalnorzymskimi importami w kulturze oksywskiej

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Harasim P.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2013
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vol. LXIV
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issue 64
3-48
EN
The article addresses the subject of influx of La Tène and provincial Roman imports to the territory of Oksywie Culture settlement. Provenance of these artifacts is established mainly on the basis of stylistic and technological criteria. The earliest imported brooches, from Rumia, graves 150 and 151, have good analogies among brooches, type 13b/c (after R. Gebhard), known from the oppidum at Manching. Also possibly of La Tène provenance are brooches from Rumia, grave 162 (Fig. 1:1a.b), and from Podwiesk, grave 112, since they too have analogies among finds from La Tène Culture territory, e.g., from D Langendiebach, Kr. Hanau (Fig. 1:2a.b), or D Giengen a.d. Brenz. Another imported form would be brooches type A.65 and their iron imitations, also, type Nauheim (a total of at least 10) recorded at Bystrzec, Nowe Dobra, Papowo Toruńskie, Pruszcz Gdański (Fig. 3:1), Rządz (nowadays Grudziądz-Rządz) and Skowarcz (Fig. 3:2) (see the Catalogue). Finally, there are brooches type A.18, represented by least twelve specimens known from Chełmno (Fig. 6:2), Czarnówko, Podwiesk (Fig. 6:6–8), Pruszcz Gdański (Fig. 6:1.3–5.9), Rządz and Rumia (Fig. 6:10) (see the Catalogue). All specimens type A.18a are variants Altenburg and Wederath (after T. Völling = types 2a and 2b after S. Rieckhoff, or variant A.18a2 after S. Demetz). A single specimen of type A.18b comes from Rządz and may be linked with variant A.18b2b (after S. Demetz). All double-edged swords recorded in Oksywie Culture either have close analogies in finds from La Tène Culture territory or have parameters and stylistic features definitely close to their Celtic counterparts. An evident import is a specimen discovered in a richly furnished grave from Opalenie, very likely executed by pattern welding, or alternately, by selective etching with acid, wax and birch-tar. Other swords of La Tène provenance are specimens that were discovered in a set with a metal scabbard identified as an import (see the Catalogue). Similarly as double-edged swords all metal scabbards from the territory of Oksywie Culture settlement have close parallels in the Celtic world or are markedly similar to their La Tène counterparts. On the evidence of close analogies known from La Tène Culture and metal scabbard finds from its territory – potentially the prototypes of their style design – the metal scabbard, type Ł.1a, alternately, Bo.III (type Paruszewice), discovered at Rządz in grave 678 is an evident import. This is true also of the uniform group of scabbards decorated in a ladder pattern with at least three or four S-curve patterns, known from sites at Pruszcz Gdański, Żukczyn, Gdańsk-Nowolipki, Opalenie and, possibly, Ciepłe (see the Catalogue). The best analogy to this group of scabbards would be the specimen discovered in grave 23 from D Hoppstädten-Weiersbach, Kr. Birkenfeld, dated to LT D2a. Next to this find another piece of evidence to support La Tène provenance of metal scabbard finds under analysis here is the semi-product, in copper alloy, of a triple S-curve pattern, recovered from the oppidum at Bibracte. Metal scabbards with shagreen ornament may be treated as an expression of exchange with Western Celts. In Oksywie Culture two specimens decorated with this technique are known, one from Lubieszewo (grave 34b, unpublished) the other from Bolszewo, where it was discovered in a grave containing a Celtic cauldron. Other imports include a scabbard, classified to the eastern variant Ludwigshafen from Pruszcz Gdański (grave 137) and scabbard-plates decorated with opus interrasile technique, from Kopaniewo, grave IX (Fig. 10:1a) and Rządz from a grave excavated in 22 November 1883 (Fig. 10:2). It is also possible that scabbard-plates with a lattice pattern decoration (Gittermuster) have La Tène provenance; they are known from Będziechowo, stray find (Fig. 11:2) and from Troszyn, grave 1 (Fig. 11:1). Openwork ornament definitely has is origins in La Tène Culture. Moreover, La Tène Culture some inventories contain scabbards with a top decorated with openwork applique, reminiscent of the Gittermuster pattern – e.g., the scabbard from Lamadelaine, grave 3, and, possibly, the scabbard from grave 2/1898 in the cemetery at D Hüttigweiler, Lkr. Neuenkirchen, in the Rhineland. The small number of analogies recorded on Celtic territory for the may finds of scabbards with plates decorated with a lattice pattern (Gittermuster) recorded on the territory of the Przeworsk and the Oksywie Cultures must be the consequence of different burial practices followed in each of these culture units. It is possible that the scabbard from Pruszcz Gdański 7, grave 346 (Fig. 11:3), originally had a plate decorated with a lattice pattern (Gittermuster), or perhaps, with opus interrasile but now it is seriously fragmented and retains only the upper part of an iron openwork plate at the mouth of its front scabbard-plate made of iron. Metal scabbards of double-edged swords disappear are gone from European Barbaricum with the decline of the La Tène Culture. To claim that they were manufactured in the Przeworsk and the Oksywie culture environment is to accept that during the Late Pre-Roman on the territory of these culture units there were scabbard-making workshops not inferior in any way to La Tène workshops. This is a bizarre claim to make because none of the objects (e.g., single-edged swords, circular shield-bosses, spearheads), recognized as local Przeworsk or Oksywie metalwork, require the level of expertise and advanced tools which are necessary to make metal scabbards. Assuming that the Germanic smiths had gained, through contact with La Tène Culture craftsmen, sufficiently high skill to allow them to make metal scabbards, we would expect find locally made metal scabbards of single-edged swords and other objects made of materials or using technologies analogical to those needed in the production of the class of military object under discussion here, but none have been recorded. The above observations are strong evidence to treat all metal scabbards of double-edged swords as objects produced in La Tène workshops, and consequently, to recognize their La Tène provenance. The difference in the number of finds of these scabbards on the Celtic and the Germanic territories must result from different rules of the burial rite. The same applies to the lack of close analogies in La Tène Culture materials. A separate chapter focuses on finds of metal vessels of La Tène and provincial Roman provenance. Out of a broad spectrum of metal vessels presented in the study of H.-J. Eggers, the following forms have been recorded in Oksywie Culture: E.4–8 (bronze cauldrons with an iron rim, from Bolszewo, Brzeźniak, Ciepłe, Tuja and Skowarcz), and E.18–20 (situla-shaped buckets, from Małe Czyste, Opalenie, Rokosowo, Rządz, Sławno, Starzyno, Troszyn), and vessels type E.67 and E.91 (bowls, from Rządz). The assortment of La Tène and provincial Roman imports closes with objects made of glass: assorted beads and bracelets recorded at Podwiesk, Rumia and Toruń (see the Catalogue). The broad spectrum of objects of La Tène and provincial Roman provenance recorded in Oksywie Culture evidently documents extensive contacts of the inhabitants of Pomerania with the Celtic world. The imports cluster mostly in Chełmno Land, the Lower Vistula basin and on the coast of the Bay of Puck. During phase A1 they include brooches, from Rumia (graves 150, 151 and 162), which find analogy in La Tène brooches from LT C1b. Possibly attributable to the group of imported objects is the brooch from Podwiesk (grave 112), which has the best morphological and stylistic parallels in finds from LT C2. Imports observed during phase A2 include brooches type A.65 and Nauheim forms, which possibly linger until the onset of the youngest phase of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Assemblages with metal vessels and Celtic vessels recorded at Bolszewo and Opalenie also belong approximately in this phase. A similar chronology is feasible for the metal scabbard type Ł.1a / Bo.III from the grave assemblage 678 from Rządz. A more broad chronology, one that takes in phases A2 and A3, is accepted for the many glass ornaments, a relatively common category of find. A similar dating is given to metal scabbards ornamented in a ladder pattern with S-shaped volutes, recovered at Żukczyn, Gdańsk-Nowolipki, Pruszcz Gdański 7, grave 374, and Pruszcz Gdański 10, grave 137, as well as to buckets E.18 and E.20 (from Małe Czyste, Sławno and Starzyno) and to Celtic cauldrons. During phase A3 imported objects include brooches A.18 and buckets types E.18–19, from cemeteries at Rządz and Troszyn, as well as bowls E.67 and E.91 from Rządz. Also datable to phase A3 is grave 355 from Pruszcz Gdański 7 containing a metal sword scabbard ornamented with a ladder pattern of S-shaped volutes. The influx of assorted objects of non-local provenance to the area occupied by Oksywie Culture settlement apparently came from more than one direction. Brooches types A.65, Nauheim and variant A.18a (variant Altenburg after T. Völling or A.18a2 after S. Demetz), A.18b, provincial Roman buckets types E.18–20, and the sword scabbard type Ł.1a, apparently found their way to the region from the south. On the other hand, the brooch type A.18a (variant Wederath after T. Völling) and the cauldrons with an iron rim, as well as the shagreen-decorated sword scabbards and specimens decorated with a pattern of s-shaped volutes, suggest a western connection. It is feasible that this was the direction also of the influx of bowls, types E.67 and E.91, and if the chain mail discovered at Opalenie, although this question cannot be resolved conclusively for the time being; this is true also of other objects with a La Tène or provincial Roman provenance. Analysis of the distribution of finds of non-local provenance on the territory of Oksywie Culture and its neighbour culture units leads us to conclude that their presence in our region must be the result of a chain of episodes of exchange – of varying complexity – in which a significant role was played by local settlement concentrations and border zones of different cultures. Transactions may have been concluded directly by the makers of the goods or by intermediaries of agents. When it comes to burials furnished with metal vessels and, on occasion, with other imported objects, we may speak of a more focused model of long-distance exchange or possibly, diplomatic gifts. In this type of exchange one would expect the participation of representatives or envoys of individual clans, tribes or territorial communities. The crucial role in the trade must have been played by amber. Another feasible important branch of trade with areas found north of the Carpathian range could have been slave trade. Unfortunately, we have no explicit data on salt deposits in Kuyavia and their exploitation, if any, during the period of interest, although during the La Tène there was a great demand for this commodity. The influx of imports has been interpreted also in terms of military activity (plunder), as well as in political or social terms, e.g., gifts exchange. It seems also that we cannot discount, especially during the first stages of the Late Pre-Roman period, the trade in raw iron, which should also be treated in the category of imports. It is also relevant that a range of commodities, potential equivalents in exchange, both local and regional, unfortunately leave no traces recoverable with investigation methods available at present – natural goods found with a varying intensity in different regions, but also, services and various type of intelligence. The presence of imports of La Tène and Roman provincial provenance in Pomerania appears to be the result of extensive contacts of the population resident in the region during the Late Pre-Roman period. Of major importance for this exchange presumably were two complementary routes that provided connections with the western and the eastern zone of Celtic settlement.
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Ślady produkcji żelaza na obszarze osadnictwa kultury wielbarskiej

84%
Woińska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2018
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vol. LXIX
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issue 69
3-24
EN
The process of iron production in the territory of Poland during the Roman Period has so far been discussed in detail only in relation to the Przeworsk Culture. In the case of the Wielbark Culture, this subject has not been thoroughly analyzed. This state of affairs is caused in part by a small number of fully researched settlements of the Wielbark Culture and the fact that the Wielbark people did not usually deposit iron objects in their graves. Ryszard Wołągiewicz (1974, p. 129–130) showed that the ratio of iron to bronze objects registered in the graves of this culture is 1:30. Newer studies indicate that the ratio can vary significantly from site to site. For example, at the cemetery in Ulkowy site 1, Gdańsk County, approximately every twelfth item was made entirely of iron. In Grzybnica, Koszalin County, it was every third item. In Pruszcz Gdanski site 10, Gdańsk County, every sixteenth artefact was made of iron, yet in Weklice, Elbląg County, it was every ninth one (M. Woińska 2015, p. 177–178). The oldest grave assemblages containing iron artefacts are dated to the phase B1. They come mainly from the cemeteries previously used by the people of the Oksywie Culture. Therefore, there are sometimes difficulties in determining their cultural affiliation. The same applies to settlements which were first used by the people of the Oksywie or Przeworsk Culture and then by the population of the Wielbark Culture. In spite of this, features associated with the iron production process are identified at the settlements associated unequivocally with the Wielbark Culture (Fig. 2, Table 2). These include slag-pit furnaces, forge hearths, features related to the initial preparation of bog ore, and – indirectly – lime and charcoal kilns (Fig. 3–5). Such features were discovered in the greatest number at the settlement at Rogowo site 23, where 441 slag-pit furnaces were identified. Some of them came in pairs forming larger disordered clusters (E. Bokiniec 2016a, p. 16). From a few to a dozen or so slag-pit furnaces were discovered at other settlements discussed herein (Gotelp site 14, Kakulin, Klonówka site 7/54, Leśno site 10, Łosino site 15, Poznań-Sołacz, Stanisławie site 37, Stroszki site 1, Tarnowo Pałuckie site 13, Widzino site 8). These furnaces were not organized, and the iron produced there was probably used for local needs only. Furthemore, concentrations of features defined as forges have been identified at the settlements in Stroszki and Poznań-Sołacz. It is worth noting that iron objects also appear at the settlements of the Wielbark Culture (Fig. 6). The largest number (over 70) was registered in Lipianki site 3. They comprised brooches – A.IV.74 (Fig. 7:1), A.V series 8, A.VI.158, A.VI.161–162, A.VI.170 (Fig. 7:2), belt buckles, casket fittings, spurs (Fig. 7:3) as well as awls, needles and knives (A. Strobin 2015, p. 125–135).
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Wielokulturowe cmentarzysko w Starym Targu w świetle dotychczasowych publikacji, archiwaliów i ocalałych materiałów

84%
Żórawska A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2005
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vol. LVII
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issue 57
111-176
EN
The multicultural cemetery at Stary Targ, distr. Malbork, woj. pomorskie (formerly, Altmark, Kr. Stuhm) was discovered in 1937. Investigation carried out the same year on 30 August – 4 September, 8–11, 21–25 and 27–28 September the team of Waldemar Heym, head (Leiter) of the Regional Museum “Westpreußen” in Kwidzyn (Heimatmuseum „Westpreußen” in Marienwerder). 432 grave assemblages of Lusatian, Oksywie, and Wielbark cultures were explored during less than 17 days. The investigation of the cemetery at Stary Targ was only briefly mentioned in literature and never published in full. At present it is documented by drawings of pottery and selected finds made by Waldemar Heym, held by the Museum in Kwidzyn; the field diary did not survive and the photographic record cannot be located. A few score artefacts which survived the war are in keeping of the Museum in Kwidzyn and the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk. Basing on the surviving W. Heym files, complemented by published data and the review of museum collections, it is possible to make at least a partial reconstruction of 201 grave inventories from Stary Targ. Unfortunately in most cases the funerary rite cannot be established. A small number of oldest graves dating from Hallstatt C may be associated with Lusatian culture. Grave assemblages of Oksywie culture date from phases A2–A3 of the PreRoman Period. The largest number of graves is associated with Wielbark culture and cover all its phases of development, spanning phase B1 of the Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period (phase D).
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Niepublikowane materiały z cmentarzyska w Żukczynie, powiat gdański (dawn. Suckschin, Kr. Danziger Höhe) w świetle archiwum Józefa Kostrzewskiego

67%
Strobin A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2020
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vol. LXXI
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issue 71
269-287
EN
The scientific archive of Professor Józef Kostrzewski is kept in the collection of the C. Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Zielona Góra. Portfolio 13: Pomorze Gdańskie, okres lateński (Gdańsk Pomerania, La Tène Period) consists mostly of unpublished notes and sketches of artefacts, drawn by the researcher, related to archaeological discoveries at the cemeteries at Żukczyn (fmr. Gross Suckczin aka Suckschin), Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship (cards 568–604). The site at Żukczyn was mentioned in the literature several times. The first news about discoveries in the village comes from the end of the 19th century, when a sword and two spearheads from a cremation grave (Fig. 1) were presented to the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum. In 1901, further metal artefacts were collected from the surface of a field (Fig. 2, 3), and Dr. Paul Kumm, museum curator, carried out rescue excavations. As a result, 20 cremation graves were discovered (Fig. 4–11); grave goods, together with stray finds, were turned over to the museum in Gdańsk. In 1945, as a result of warfare, all artefacts from Żukczyn were destroyed or lost. The information from Kostrzewski’s archive indicates that 19 cremation graves and two pit burials (graves X and XI) were discovered at Żukczyn. A total of seven brooches, including types A, J, N (Fig. 4:b.c, 7:a–c) and presumably K (Fig. 4:d) came from graves and stray finds. Swords are represented by eight specimens: five double-edged with iron scabbards (Fig. 2:a.b.d, 3:a, 4:a.b) and three single-edged (Fig. 1, 2:a, 7:c). Two ring buckles (Fig. 3:c) and two hoops found with a sword and scabbard in grave II (Fig. 4:b) should be associated with a sword-belt. Parts of a shield – bosses and their rivets – came from two graves with weapons (Fig. 4:a.b); one boss was a stray find (Fig. 2:c). Spearheads were numerous (13 specimens) (Fig. 1, 2:b.c, 3:b, 4:b, 7:c, 8:b); some of them were decorated (Fig. 1, 2:c). In three cases, they were accompanied by butts (Fig. 3:c, 4:b, 7:c). Tools and utensils included knives (Fig. 4:a.b, 7:d), razors (Fig. 7:a, 8:b), scissors (Fig. 2:d) and pliers (Fig. 2:d). Pottery was discovered in all the graves. The vast majority are vessels of the Oksywie Culture (phases A2–A3); at least two vessels, from graves VI (Fig. 5:c) and XIV (Fig. 6:c), may come already from the Roman Period. The second stage of research at the cemetery at Żukczyn took place in the 1970s. At that time, 134 graves dating from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period to phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period were discovered. The entire material and documentation of these works are stored in the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk. Unpublished information concerning the cemetery at Żukczyn, contained in Kostrzewski’s archive, is an important source that complements our knowledge about this necropolis. The inventory numbers of artefacts contained there are also important for attempts to restore former archaeological collections of the Museum in Gdańsk. Verification of sketches of artefacts drawn by Józef Kostrzewski with drawings included in Martin Jahn’s work, Herbert Jankuhn’s scientific archive (Fig. 11) as well as with photographs of artefacts from Żukczyn (cf. Fig. 10) yields positive results. This means that in his graphic documentation, Kostrzewski took into account characteristic and important features of artefacts, which further enhances the value of this source.
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