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1
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Unknown Ancient Funerary Structures Discovered in West Saqqara (Egypt) Using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)

100%
Welc F., Mieszkowski R.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2015
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issue 28
201–215
EN
The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey conducted in the south-eastern part of the Polish archaeological concession in West Saqqara confirmed the high usability of the GPR method in non-invasive prospecting of desert archaeological sites. The survey has allowed to confirm the location of one and the discovery of two so far unknown funerary structures characterized by significantly large dimensions. Analysis of the reflection profiles allow to conclude that these anomalies are generated by rock-hewn burial shafts. Only one of these tombs can be dated with high confidence to the end of the Old Kingdom. Precise determination of the chronology of the two other structures is not possible without archaeological verification.
2
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The Tomb of Ikhi/Mery in Saqqara and Royal Expeditions during the Sixth Dynasty

88%
Kuraszkiewicz K. O.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2014
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issue 27
201–216
EN
New data concerning an Old Kingdom official responsible for foreign expeditions are analysed in the paper. Textual evidence found in 2012 in the tomb of Ikhi/Mery in Saqqara provides a basis for more precise dating of the professional activity of the tomb owner, but also gives an insight into some aspects of functioning of the bureaucracy during the late Old Kingdom. Last but not least the architecture of the tomb, that is unusual in many respects, is discussed.
3
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Pottery from an Early Old Kingdom Terrace Quarry in West Saqqara (Egypt)

88%
Rzeuska T. I.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2014
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issue 27
323–355
EN
The joint Polish-Egyptian archaeological mission (Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo) working in Saqqara, west of the funerary complex of Netjerykhet discovered an Early Old Kingdom quarries system. The pottery presented in this article is the first such large assemblage dated to the Early Dynastic and early Old Kingdom periods (Third to Fourth Dynasty) found in the area investigated by the mission. Importantly, it provides valuable evidence of events which had occurred before the emergence of the Lower Necropolis in the late Old Kingdom.
4
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La politique territoriale du roi Sahourê à la lumière de récentes découvertes

88%
Martinet É.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2022
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issue 35
75-102
EN
The territorial organisation in the early Fifth Dynasty remains little known compared to the Sixth Dynasty, for which the data are more numerous. However, in recent years, there have been several discoveries concerning the reign of Sahure (c. 2487–2475 BCE). This latest information, combined with a re-examination of the textual and material sources known for a long time, shed new light on the policy of territorial organisation of Sahure by enabling us to answer the following questions: To which provinces did this king give his attention? What are the characteristics and the motivations of this territorial policy? Sahure carried out a huge policy of development in Lower Egypt, in particular in the south-east of the Delta, and in the south of Upper Egypt. By using a global approach, analysis of all the data allows identification of three main reasons explaining this territorial policy: to facilitate the recovery of valuable resources at the margins of the country and abroad, to support the increase in the number of officials and to carry out the construction projects of the monarchy. Moreover, a new theory is proposed about the creation of the 8th nome in the south-east of the Delta.
5
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Square Grids in the Tomb of Akhethotep – Questions and Doubts

75%
Radtke K.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2020
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vol. XXXIII
163-178
EN
The proportions of the human figure in Egyptian art were determined on the basis of simple and rarely changing rules. The oldest preserved guidelines used for this purpose come from the times of the Fifth Dynasty, and the square grids from the mid-Twelfth Dynasty. The objective of this article is to interpret the guidelines from the chapel of vizier Akhethotep, dated to the Fifth Dynasty, and answer the following questions: when were they made and what rules were used to determine the proportions of the vizier’s body? To do this, the author proposes employment of a measuring method which uses square grids as the main tool and the smallest element of the grid, that is, the square module as the basic measurement unit.
6
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Donkeys in the Old and Middle Kingdoms According to the Representations and Livestock Counts from Private Tombs

75%
Lashien M.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2020
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vol. XXXIII
121-137
EN
The Egyptian artist in the Old and Middle Kingdoms showed great interest in representing the details of the physical characteristics and behaviour of various animals surrounding him in the Egyptian environment. However, donkeys seem to have received less attention from the artist than other animals. The paper examines the representations of donkeys in the wall scenes of the Old and Middle Kingdom tombs, and analyses the changing interest in reflecting this animal’s physical traits and behaviour. Finally, studying the role of donkeys in the so-called livestock counts allows us to better understand the phenomenon which is observed in the iconographic sources from the period under investigation.
7
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Contexts of Appearance of Water in the Pyramid Texts An Introduction

75%
Popielska-Grzybowska J.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2016
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vol. 29
157–167
EN
The author collected in her paper introductory remarks concerning the occurrences of water in the Pyramid Texts. The article outlines main issues which appear to be assumed by the ancient Egyptians the most vivid while thinking about water and its role in Egyptian religion of the Old Kingdom. In the world oldest religious texts it may be evenly observed that water was a way to travel both on Earth and in the sky as well as to transport goods in both realities. The above-mentioned and the ways of transport confirm watery nature of the hereafter. Water could have both good as well as bad, involving peril, connotations. Furthermore, it appears – that water was perceived as a sacralised sphere, the one of primordial value. However, in the Pyramid Texts more emphasis was put on its purifying and rejuvenating qualities.
8
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Old and Middle Kingdom Tradition in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari

75%
Ćwiek A.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2014
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issue 27
61–93
EN
The temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari, although a unique and innovative monument, is firmly settled in the earlier tradition. Its architecture, relief decoration, statuary program and texts, bear direct or indirect references to the past. The Old and Middle Kingdom ideas, patterns and motifs may be traced on various levels, in the overall structure as well as in details. Sometimes the direct source of a feature may be pointed out; in most cases one can at least set forth an inspiration source in the architecture and decoration programme of the royal mortuary complexes, royal texts or iconography. The Deir el-Bahari case should be seen against the wider background of Hatshepsut’s activities, referring to the great periods and achievements of her illustrious ancestors: Memphite and Theban traditions joined thus in a masterly way formed a new, firm base for her rule.
9
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In the shadow of Kaaper. Preliminary report on the anonymous Fifth Dynasty tomb AS 88

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Odler M., Arias K., Honzl J., Brukner Havelková P., Sůvová Z.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2021
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issue 27
7-42
EN
This paper presents an archaeological report on the anonymous Fifth Dynasty mastaba AS 88 from the Abusir South necropolis, south west of the tomb of the official Kaaper (AS 1). The tomb was reduced to the ground in antiquity and only fundaments of its architectural disposition remain: the chapel and serdab located in the southernmost third of the ground plan, and the main burial Shaft 4 with looted burial chamber to the north. The tomb owner was a robust male who lived to relatively old age, between 40 and 60 years. Neighbouring ritual Shaft 5 has been undisturbed since antiquity and near its opening, a dislocated base of a combed ware vessel of Syro Palestinian provenance was found, probably having come from the looted burial equipment of Kaaper. Other selected ceramic, anthropological (including two undisturbed Old Kingdom burials in subsidiary shafts of the tomb), and archaeozoological finds are presented as well in the report. The last part of the article discusses the importance of similar structures in the broader understanding of the Old Kingdom at Abusir, as they provide a humble counterpart to the pyramids and major tombs of Royal Abusir.
10
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The Pyramid of Queen Setibhor at South Saqqara

75%
Megahed M., Vymazalová H.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2022
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issue 35
103-117
EN
This paper aims to present the preliminary results of the 2021 season of the Djedkare Project mission (DJP), which is dedicated to the exploration and documentation of Djedkare’s royal cemetery at south Saqqara. The main focus of the article is the queen’s pyramid, situated to the north-east of the king’s pyramid and to the north of his funerary temple. The 2018 exploration of the area between the king’s temple and the queen’s pyramid not only revealed the name of the owner, Setibhor, but it also confirmed that the two pyramid complexes were not architecturally connected, as previously presumed, and that further work is needed to clarify the plan of the queen’s monument. In 2021, the investigations focused on the pyramid of the queen; its substructure had never been entered and documented in the modern period. Cleaning the substructure resulted in a detailed documentation of its inner rooms. It used to be accessed through a descending and horizontal corridor and it comprised a burial chamber and a so-called serdab. The innovated layout of Setibhor’s pyramid substructure apparently inspired later queens, who continued to follow this pattern in their monuments during the Sixth Dynasty.
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