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EN
Melancholy is a concept of a rich semantic structure. Old Polish concept of melancholy was formed under the influence of ideological currents of the era and served mainly as the expression of thought and reflection on the passing time, in which the phenomenon of death played a key role. In the Middle Ages the term of melancholy, known as acedia at that time, was perceived as a sin. For a man of the Baroque death was the harbinger of eternal life, which is why his attention was firmly focused on eschatological concepts. The matter of the funeral sermons and guidebooks of proper dying were made to persuade a man to a pious life and give him hope for a rebirth in eternity. Especially when he experienced suffering or at the time of his death. Preachers much of their attention devoted to emphasize the important role of hope as the essence of the Christian faith. It supposed to be the remedy for sadness and the melancholic trance for those families which lost their loved ones. Because melancholy led men to second thoughts about God’s creation and led to the loss of health. Melancholy was longing for the passaging time. The indescribable grief over human imperfection and its destructive nature.
XX
This paper argues that Old Polish almanacs could be seen as documents of the process of „the surfacing into visibility (and more especially into print), of certain kinds of popular or practical knowledge and their legitimation by some academic establishments”(Burke 2005, 14-15), and that their authors played a role of “animators of the Old Polish textual community”. Using a particular copy of an almanac for the year 1696, containing handwritten annotations, I examine the dynamics of this textual community and demonstrate that its discourse was rooted in orality, academic knowledge, and practical, local knowledge.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano postępowe postawy, które nie tylko wykraczały poza pozycję kobiety w kulturze staropolskiej, ale są aktualne po dzień dzisiejszy. Przeprowadzone analizy utworów literackich oraz materiałów bibliograficznych wskazały na ponadczasowe wartości staropolskiej kultury kobiecej. Wymiar legendarny ma realizacja uczucia miłości w małżeństwie przez Barbarę Radziwiłłównę z królem, która może konkurować z współcześnie propagowanym, konsumpcyjno-globalnym modelem uczuć. Postawa Beaty Kościeleckiej wyraża samodzielność ekonomiczno-prawną, Elżbiety Drużbackiej zaś – spełnienie dzięki pracowitości i pasji zawodowej. Bohaterki pracy początkują drogę samodzielności kobiet w działaniu oraz spełnionej miłości, które budzą wiele kontrowersji (dyskusji) do dziś.
EN
The paper presents a progressive attitude that not only went beyond the position of women in traditional Polish culture, but they are valid to this day. Performed analysis of literary and bibliographical material indicated the timeless values of traditional Polish women’s culture. Legendary dimension is the realization feelings of love in marriage by Barbara Radziwiłłówna with the king, which can compete with the modern propagated consumptional and global model of emotions. Attitude of Beata Kościelecka expresses economic and legal independence, and Elżbieta Drużbacka fulfillment through hard work and professional passion. Heroines of work initiate the way to independence of women in action and fulfilled love, which are very controversial (disputable) today.
XX
A review of the book by Piotr Kowalski " Świat Andrzeja Komonieckiego, kronikarza Żywca. Studia z antropologii historycznej", Wrocław 2010, ss. 398.
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EN
Diverging roles of men and women in the Old Polish society did not result from biological differences alone. In the male eyes, a woman was the weaker part of the human species, not only in the physical or psychological sense, but also weaker intellectually, hence requiring constant care and custody. It seems nevertheless that back then women were perfectly able to take care of their own lives. In the face of adversity or situations they had been hitherto unfamiliar with, women were able to cope no worse than men, an example of which was the fact that they ran manors in the absence of their spouses, who constantly went to war in the 17th century. Despite having been raised in the spirit of submission and obedience, ladies demonstrated a lot of resoluteness, willpower and determination. At the same time they did not lose their most beautiful part: sensitivity to the sacred, gentleness, the ability to love and to feel for others, to care for children and servants. Those were real women, who could make proper use of the influence they had on the world of men, while seemingly remaining in their shadows.
IT
La storia di Polonia del Seicento e Settecento è scritta prima di tutto dagli uomini. Il lettore d’oggi vede la società di quell’epoca per mezzo del punto di vista “maschile”. Ci sono pochissime testimonianze trasmisse dalle donne, che ovviamente in quel periodo non partecipavano alla vita sociale al pari degli uomini, nemmeno avevano la stessa istruzione. Perciò le opere scritte in quell’epoca dalle prime scrittrici polacche hanno un valore del tutto particolare. Ce ne sono rimaste due opere che sono una specie di autobiografi delle scrittrici stesse. Questi scritti fanno vedere nella luce un po’ diversa la vita nella Polonia antica. La prima autrice Anna Maria Marchocka  (1603-1652) è una religiosa, carmelitana scalza, che scrisse Autobiografi mistyczna (Autobiografi mistica). Quest’opera è una presentazione del suo cammino spirituale, ma nello stesso tempo è una fonte che fa conoscere la società di allora. L’altra opera Transkrypcyja albo opisanie całego życia jednej sieroty (Trascrizione oppure una descrizione di tutta la vita di un’orfana) venne scritta da Anna Stanisławska (1652 ca.-1700 ca.). Questo scritto non solo è una forma di autobiografi, ma presenta il mondo e i costumi delle donne di allora. Le due opere presentate nell’articolo sono un arricchimento della nostra scienza sul ruolo della donna nella Polonia antica.
PL
Odmienność ról do spełnienia, jakie przypadały w udziale mężczyźnie i kobiecie w społeczeństwie staropolskim, nie wynikała jedynie z różnic biologicznych. W oczach mężczyzn białogłowa jawiła się jako część ludzkości słabsza, nie tylko pod względem fiycznym czy psychicznym, lecz także umysłowym, dlatego też wymagająca stałego dozoru i opieki. Wydaje się jednak, iż  białogłowy żyjące w  tamtej epoce doskonale radziły sobie z  własnym życiem. W razie trudności czy sytuacji dotąd im nieznanych, potrafiy im sprostać nie gorzej od mężczyzn, czego przykładem było chociażby samodzielne  prowadzenie folwarków pod nieobecność ciągle wojujących w XVII wieku mężów. Mimo iż były wychowywane w duchu uległości i posłuszeństwa, wykazywały wiele zdecydowania, silnej woli i konsekwencji w dążeniu do celu. A przy tym nie zatracały tego, co  najpiękniejsze: wrażliwości na  sacrum, umiejętności kochania i  współczucia, delikatności, troski o  powierzone ich pieczy dzieci i  służbę. Były prawdziwymi kobietami i potrafiy umiejętnie korzystać z wpływu, jaki wywierały na świat mężczyzn, pozornie przez całe życie pozostając w ich cieniu.
EN
In the article vast possibilities are indicated of using Old Polish sermons to study culture, first of all popular culture. First, a typical collection of Sunday sermons is analyzed, presenting their rich contents and broad possibilities of their pastoral influence. Apart from that the reader's attention is drawn to Marian sermons shaping a peculiar religiousness connected with sanctuaries devoted to the Virgin Mary. In essence sermons of those times formed the faithful's sphere of axiotics, and besides that they shaped a specific image of the world. They also contributed to forming social bonds.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie sylwetki księdza Chmielowskiego, autora pierwszej polskiej encyklopedii powszechnej, znanej jako Nowe Ateny. We wstępie oraz rozdziale pierwszym zwrócono uwagę na istnienie czarnej legendy na temat twórczości Chmielowskiego oraz skąpych danych biograficznych. Rozdział drugi przedstawia możliwe okoliczności nadania imienia, niebagatelne wobec obranej drogi życiowej. W rozdziale trzecim sprostowano błędną atrybucję herbową zaś w czwartym nieścisłości w lokalizacji miejsca narodzin Chmielowskiego, które pokutują w literaturze. Kolejne dwa rozdziały (5-6) omawiają korzenie duchownego i lata edukacji lwowskiej. W rozdziale pt. Na dworze Jabłonowskich poznajemy początki drogi świeżo wyświęconego księdza zaś w rozdziale Firlejów jego codzienne życie – już jako proboszcza. W rozdziale dziewiątym ukazano zmienne koleje fortuny kariery duchownej, by w dziesiątym przedstawić schyłek życia księdza.
EN
This article intends to bring into focus the figure of father Chmielowski who au-thored the first Polish Universal Encyclopedia commonly known as Nowe Ateny (New Athens). The biography depicts his deeply troubled life – highs and lows of his cleri-cal career, his zest for research and finally his zeal in living a parish priest’s life to the fullest. What emerges from the sources scrutinized is a picture of a highly ambitious person endowed with an unusual humility, true vocation and a great deal of creative energy. The article summarizes the state of research on life and legacy of Benedict Chmielowski. Many data and conclusions (such as those referring to birthplace and family coat of arms) had to undergo verification and correction. The aim of the article was therefore to shed new light on this person, as well as to debunk some persisting stereotypes and misconception, thus drawing a picture of a man of flesh and blood.
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