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EN
The article presents analysis of writings of the rectors of the Jesuit college in Minsk and elaborates the history and activities of this institution. The achievements of four rectors of Minsk are described: Romuald Wojniłłowicz, author of the collection “Holiday sermons for the whole year”, Józef Stanisław Rudomina, Teodat Ramułt, who wrote plays and short rhetorical works, and Franciszek Ksawery Ogiński, who described the history of St. Michael’s Church in Vilnius. The studied literature was considered a manifestation of the communication and pastoral strategy of the Roman Catholic Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Saxon era.
Nurt SVD
|
2019
|
issue 2
43-54
PL
Marcin Paszkowski – XVII-wieczny „pisarz okolicznościowy”, chętnie podejmował w swych utworach tematykę wschodnią. W jednym ze swych dzieł, zatytułowanym Dzieje tureckie i utarczki kozackie z Tatary, wydanym w 1615 roku, w wierszowanej formie opowiedział o dwóch orientalnych nacjach – Turkach i Tatarach. W dziele tym opisy wydarzeń historycznych przeplatają się z charakterystyką obyczajów, religii, stylu życia czy też informacjami geograficznymi. Paszkowski próbuje przybliżyć polskiemu czytelnikowi obce i nieznane narody, ich kulturę, a nawet język. Praca tego autora zawiera liczne słownictwo tureckie, ułożone w formie rozmówek oraz polsko-tureckiego słowniczka. Czy wszystkie zawarte w tym dziele informacje są wiarygodne, zwłaszcza te opisujące Tatarów? Jaki obraz tatarszczyzny skreślił XVII-wieczny poeta? Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na postawione pytania.
EN
Marcin Paszkowski – a 17th-century “occasional writer” willingly addresses Eastern issues in his works. In one of them entitled “Turkish History and Cossack Skirmishes with Tatars” (Krakow 1615), in poetic form he narrates events of two oriental nations: Turks and Tatars. In this work, the descriptions of historical events are intertwined with the characteristics of customs, religion, lifestyle or with geographical information. Paszkowski tries to familiarize the Polish reader with foreign and unknown nations, their culture and even language. Paszkowski’s work contains numerous Turkish vocabulary arranged in the form of a phrasebook and a Polish-Turkish dictionary. Is all the information contained in this work reliable, especially that describing the Tatars? What picture of the Tatars is drawn by the 17th-century poet? The article aims at answering these questions.
EN
The paper presents discussion, which has been proceeding recently, on methods used in examination of Old Polish literature referring to two present standpoints. Beside traditional view, which favours philological methods focusing on setting a work in the context and taking into consideration knowledge on historical poetics, there is thesis, which gives possibility of interpreting old works by means of contemporary methodology, which allows for theoretical conceptions born in the 20th century. The author postulates for searching for compromise between these assumptions and resigning from orthodox standpoints provided that chosen methodology gives chances for new interpretation of Old Polish works, which unfortunately become less and less attractive for contemporary readers and researchers.
XX
The Polish-Lithuanian Tatars began to form their own literature in the Polish and Old Byelorussian languages from the end of the 16th century. All Tatar texts were handwritten exclusively in Arabic script, irrespective of their own language. Tatar writings were characterized by the anonymity of the author but we know the author of the most important literary achievement of this community – the complete translation of the Qur’an dated 1686: the imam of Minsk, Urjasz b. Ism‚‘īl Szlamowicz. Most of the Tatar texts were translated from the Islamic popular religious literature spread in the land of the Golden Horde and Ottoman Empire. The appearance of this sort of Tatar oeuvre resulted from the fact that the Tatars had lost their native tongue sometime within the 16th and 17th c. This made the translation of the popular Islamic literature necessary to preserve the Tatars’ own religion. The Tatar manuscripts also contain an important component adopted from the Old Polish Christian literature including the Polish translation of the Bible by Szymon Budny (1572) created for the Arians – the most radical protestant movement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Tatars integrated a significant amount of motifs and ideas of their Christian social environment into their religious Islamic traditions. Therefore we can assume that another factor that contributed to the rise of the Tatar literature was the religious and cultural revival which encompassed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th c. during the Renaissance and Reformation era. Apparently it played an important role in the cultural integration of this Turkic-Islamic community with local Christian society and culture.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2022
|
vol. 113
|
issue 2
277-285
PL
Autor recenzji polemizuje z głównymi tezami książki Andrzeja Tadeusza Staniszewskiego „Cracow Stories: The Functioning of the Popular Narrative Literature in the Early Modern Cracow” (2020), przekonując, że – wbrew jego twierdzeniom – wprowadzona do polskiego obiegu czytelniczego w XVI wieku fabularna literatura popularna była wznawiana w stuleciu następnym. Świadczą o tym zarówno nieliczne zachowane egzemplarze, jak i zwłaszcza inwentarze księgarskie, których znaczenie badacz umniejszył.
EN
The reviewer enters into polemics with the theses of Andrzej Tadeusz Staniszewski’s book „Historyje krakowskie. Funkcjonowanie narracyjnych tekstów popularnych we wczesnonowożytnej aglomeracji krakowskiej” („Cracow Stories: The Functioning of the Popular Narrative Literature in the Early Modern Cracow”, 2020) and convinces, against Staniszewski’s statements, that popular narrative literature which entered the Polish literary circulation in the 16th century was reissued in the following century. Scanty copiers that remained until now and especially booksellers’ inventories the significance of which Staniszewski diminished are made evidence of the reviewer’s stance.
EN
The subject of the article is the analysis of 17th century meditations about the Resurrection of Christ included in the manuscript collection of the Norbertine Sisters in Zwierzyniec. The reflection covers the traditions about the triumph of the glorified Lord, the women’s visit to the Lord’s Tomb, the announcement of the Resurrection to the women, Christ offering fish to his disciples, Christ’s meeting with Mary Magdalene and the disciples on their way to Emaus. The mode of presentation of these themes emphasizes a number of dogmas and truths of faith, mostly about the Resurrection of Christ and his divine nature. It is demonstrated in the article that the Norbertine texts were based not only on Gospels, but also on apocryphal sources and emblematic representations. The deliberations clarify that the author probably intended not only to report the course of events, but first of all to give a testimony of faith, to assert the real resurrection of the crucified Christ. An insight into the issue of the Resurrection of Christ in the light of biblical tradition and Old Polish literature is also offered.
EN
Using mythological tradition is one of the ways of enrichment the semantic level of old literature. Partially it is caused by entire nature of myths which from ancient times were interpreted as plots consisting additional, hidden senses. Allegoreze, popular especially in Mediaeval Ages, has an influence on ways of adaptating and using mythologisms in Mediaeval and Reinessance literature. Motifs and characteres appear in texts of Old Polish literature most usually with allegorical “background”. Same of that allegories have universal character (being a result of searching in myths some general truths), the others, as a result of adaptation ancient themesto Christian worldview, have lost their currency yet still play an important role in understanding texts of culture. Notions of “cipher”, code and convention, that are used in the article, mean ways of making use of mythology in Old Polish texts: from hiding specific information under the layer of literal meaning (e.g. bucolics of Szymonowic and Bartłomiej Zimorowic), by enriching text with cultural allusions (for example in poetic letters), to conventional using, in which mythologism has mainly ornamental function.
PL
In 1872 Józef Przyborowski (1823−1896) was appointed the director of the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail Library (Biblioteka Ordynacji Zamojskiej, BOZ) in Warsaw. This philologist, historian, numismatist, and archaeologist, former professor of Polish language in the Main School (Szkoła Główna) in Warsaw and the director of its Library, was an expert in the life and works of Jan Kochanowski and the 16th century prints. When working in BOZ (until his death), Przyborowski not only arranged and developed the collections of books and manuscripts, but also transformed it into a workshop for his editorial works and his studies as a historian of literature and bibliography. Przyborowski’s academical and educational publications in the periodicals, encyclopaedias and editions of Old Polish literature were popularising the knowledge of Polish history, literature, culture and library collections. The article presents Przyborowski’s publications, based on the collections of Zamoyski Family Fee Tail Library, and their importance in the history of old books and literature.
EN
The article is dedicated to the reception of knowledge of early poetry from the perspective of nineteenth-century editing of Old Polish texts. Using the history of the heritage of Jan Gawiński (seventeenth-century pastoral writer and epigrammatist) as example, the article traces the process of gradual transformation of his historical and literary image. Scholars responsible for the shaping of judgements on Polish literature would formulate epistemic opinions in line with the awareness of their times. The efforts of Enlightenment-era criticism focused on highlighting the pastoral strands of the work by Gawiński. The next generation of academics decided to concentrate on issues of source analysis, which is why the nineteenth century can be called a ‘century of editing’ of the poet from Wielmowice. The peculiar saturation of the book market with various editions of works by the author of Dworzanki (Court Ladies) started a process of absorption of the philologically prepared texts. One result of this phenomenon was an intensification of academic reflection on the poetry of Gawiński. Analysing nineteenth-century editions – even the ones not free from technical flaws – enables one to see the fundamental role of philology in historical literary research.
PL
Habsburgowie dzięki korzystnej polityce dynastycznej w ciągu XVI wieku wkroczyli do grona najpotężniejszych rodów panujących Europy. O ile ekspansja w Europie Zachodniej (Bur-gundia, Niderlandy, Hiszpania i jej posiadłości: Neapol, Sycylia, Sardynia, kolonie w Nowym Świecie, północna Italia, Portugalia) udała się Habsburgom praktycznie bezproblemowo, to nie można tego powiedzieć o ekspansji w kierunku Europy Środkowej (Czechy, Węgry, Korona i Litwa). Habsburskie zdobycze w Europie Zachodniej miały władzę dziedziczną, natomiast w Europie Środkowej wspomniane państwa były monarchiami elekcyjnymi. Tą zależność po-między sposobem ekspansji a ustrojem danego państwa zauważyli także polscy autorzy z I połowy XVII wieku: Jakub Sobieski (1591-1646), Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł (1593-1656) oraz Stanisław Kobierzycki (ok. 1600-1665). Wszyscy trzej w swoich dziełach z perspektywy stulecia odnosili się do ekspansji habsburskiej w XVI wieku i jej głównych kierunków. O ile Radziwiłł i Sobieski piszą z pozycji kronikarza i głównie przedstawiają faktografię dotyczącą etapów ekspansji Habsburgów w poprzednim stuleciu, to Stanisław Kobierzycki stworzył bardzo cie-kawą własną konstrukcję historiograficzną, którą przedstawił w swoim dziele. Perspektywa czasowa pozwoliła autorom na przedstawienie pełnego obrazu ekspansji w omawianym przez autora okresie, wskazanie jej kierunków i przedstawienie subiektywnych ocen działań habs-burskich w poszczególnych krajach, szczególnie z naciskiem na Węgry, Czechy, Koronę i Litwę.
EN
Due to the favourable dynastic policy in 16th century, the Habsburgs became one of the most potentruling families of Europe. Even though their expansion on Western Europe (Burgundy, Netherlands, Spain and its properties: Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, New World colonies, northern Italy, Portugal) was all most seamless, it was not this smooth when it comes to expansion on Central Europe (Czechia, Hungary, the Crown and Lithuania). The ruleship in Habsburgs’ trophies of Western Europe was heritable and the mentioned countries of Central Europe were elective monarchies. This relation between a way of expansion and a political system in a certain country was also noticed by Polish authors from the first half of the 17th century: Jakub Sobieski (1591-1646), Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł (1593-1656) and Stanisław Kobierzycki (ok. 1600-1665). All three of them were referring to the Habsburgian expansion in the XVI century and its main directions. Radziwiłł and Sobieski were writing from the perspective of a chroni-cler, mostly depicting factual evidence concerning stages of the Habsburg’s expansion in the previous century, Stanisław Kobierzycki created in his work his own, new, interesting histori-ographic construction. The time perspective let the authors show a complete vision of expan-sion, indicate its directions and present a subjective opinions on the Habsburgs’ activities in certain countries, especially in Hungary, Czechia, the Crown and Lithuania.
EN
Old Polish and Enlightenment religious literature is a fascinating area of research in past culture. It is still too early to claim comprehensive knowledge of it even though systematic work has been in progress for decades. The present issue of “Tematy i Konteksty” is the second collection of papers focused upon this current in old Polish literature. This issue is devoted to the relations of familiarity and universalism in Old Polish and Enlightenment religious literature. The main emphasis in the papers has been placed upon the Brest Bible and biblical inspirations, homiletics and occasional literature, religious drama, religious confession, mysticism, meditation, religious prints and manuscripts.
PL
Tekst jest omówieniem wybranych przekazów źródłowych powstałych u schyłku epoki staropolskiej, to jest od siedemnastego do połowy osiemnastego stulecia. Przywoływane druki należą do tego działu ówczesnej twórczości, który ująć można we wspólnej nazwie piśmiennictwa religijnego. Jest to spuścizna kulturowa licznie reprezentowana zarówno w ilości tytułów, jak i formalnej ich różnorodności. Wśród odnotowanych edycji nie ma jednak traktatów naukowych. W rodzimym planie wydawniczym u schyłku doby staropolskiej spotykamy ich zresztą niewiele. Większość analizowanych zapisów stanowi natomiast literatura o charakterystycznym odziaływaniu duszpasterskim, mianowicie: ascetyka, moralistyka, literatura kaznodziejska. Wpisany w strukturę przekazu większości owych utworów szeroki adres wydawniczy i możliwie najbardziej powszechne ich przeznaczenie determinują zarówno kształt literacki wypowiedzi, jak i sposób komunikowania się z odbiorcami. Poza tym przeważająca część cytowanych w szczegółowych rozważaniach historycznych zapisów nosi wyraźne znamiona formalnego i językowego uproszczenia. Ich cechą charakterystyczną jest wyraźnie perswazyjnie ukierunkowanie. W konsekwencji autorzy ujawniają w sferze czytelnych zamierzeń twórczych obecność programowo potraktowanej tendencji dydaktycznego oddziaływania. Wpisana w historyczny przekaz uniwersalność pouczeń etycznych i moralnych umożliwia ich odczytywanie poza granicami reprezentowanej wspólnoty wyznaniowej. Sytuuje je także poza obecnym w nich horyzontem czasowym. Ich uniwersalizm budują refleksje oparte na wspólnocie powszechnie przyjętego i akceptowanego humanizmu. Pouczenia te definiują takie wartości, jak: prawda, pokora, szczerość. Podejmują istotne dla pojedynczego człowieka i dla całego społeczeństwa zagadnienia: relacji do drugiej osoby, poczucia własnej godności, prawidłowej samooceny, współczującej relacji do innych, objawiającej się w chęci niesienia praktycznej pomocy. Wskazania zawierają także zaakcentowany kontekst religijny, opisując warunki przekonującego świadectwa wyznawanej wiary. W części omawiającej problemy natury społecznej znalazły się teksty odnoszące się do problematyki wartości pracy, sprawiedliwego i uczciwego wynagradzania. W ostatnim rozdziale pouczenia staropolskich pisarzy religijnych odnoszą się do wybranych problemów życia małżeńskiego i rodzinnego.
EN
The text is an attempt to describe selected source materials produced at the end of the Old Polish period, that is from the 17th and mid 18th century. However, among original records there are no treatises of a scientific nature. The list of historical publications described as religious literature includes all titles. The publications attracted a wide circle of readers and in particular determined their universal purpose as both literary forms and as ways of communicating with readers. Most of them exhibit clear formal and linguistic simplifications. Moreover, the widespread educational dimension is a characteristic feature of the Polish Baroque literature under discussion. When it becomes part of a historical tradition, the universality of ethical and moral advice enables us to read the recommendations of church writers of the time in a wider perspective than that of the represented religious community (universal values based on a commonly accepted foundation of humanity, independent of a religious affiliation and time perspective). The advice of Polish Baroque writers emphasizes such values as truth, humility and honesty. They raise issues of importance to both the individual and to society, such as relationships with other people, the sense of one’s own dignity, appropriate self-esteem, and a compassionate attitude to others manifested by a desire to help them. They also provide some recommendations in the religious context, describing the conditions of a convincing proof of one’s practised faith. In the section discussing issues of a social nature, texts referring to questions of the value of work and the matter of fair and honest remuneration are considered. In the last section the advice of Old Polish religious writers on selected problems of marriage and family life is discussed.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the first Polish travel journal written by a woman, a Discalced Carmelite nun based in Lublin, Sister Mary Magdalene of the Saviour [Maria Magdalena od Zbawiciela] (Anna Żaboklicka), who in 1638, set out from Lublin to Lithuania in order to establish a new convent of Discalced Carmelite nuns. It is a unique text in the history of female memoirs and literary output, as it represents a genre of applied literature. Its recognition in the context of diaristic writings fills a lacuna in the research of Old Polish literature. The manuscript is a record of the trip to Vilnius. It combines elements of female private experience with a description of the world steeped in the conviction as to the importance of the mission of expanding the Carmelite Order and bolstering its status through historiographic writing. The Carmelite’s journal served as the origin for the chronicle of the Vilnius convent. The manuscript has been presented in the context of Old Polish memoirist literature with a particular emphasis on the features of travel journals. The text was addressed to the monastic community. It was analysed in terms of its structure, the elements of the setting, and cultural references interesting to the author (especially the cuisine of Lithuania and Podlachia).
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie pierwszego polskiego diariusza podróżnego kobiety, lubelskiej karmelitanki bosej – Marii Magdaleny od Zbawiciela (Anny Żaboklickiej), która wyruszyła z Lublina w podróż na Litwę w 1638 w celu założenia nowego klasztoru karmelitanek bosych. Jest to wyjątkowy w historii memuarystyki i piśmiennictwa kobiecego tekst, należący do pisarstwa użytkowego. Jego przedstawienie w kontekście diarstyki uzupełnia lukę w badaniach nad literaturą staropolską. Rękopis zawiera zapis podróży do Wilna. Manuskrypt łączy elementy kobiecego, prywatnego doznawania i opisu świata z głębokim przeświadczeniem o istotności misji rozszerzania zakonu karmelitańskiego i budowania jego statusu przez piśmiennictwo historiograficzne. Dziennik karmelitanki stał się początkiem kroniki klasztoru wileńskiego. Manuskrypt ukazany został w kontekście pamiętnikarstwa staropolskiego ze szczególnym wskazaniem cech diariuszy podróżnych. Tekst adresowany był do zbiorowości zakonnej. Materiał przeanalizowano pod kątem struktury, elementów świata przedstawionego, informacji kulturowych interesujących dla autorki (zwłaszcza kulinariów litewskich i podlaskich). 
RU
The article discusses the research and editing work of Lucjan Rydel related to the Old Polish literature – the two-volume edition of Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata, translated by Piotr Kochanowski as Goffred albo Jeruzalem wyzwolona, prepared by Rydel and published in Krakow in 1902–1903 by Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in the series Biblioteka [96] Marta M. Kacprzak Pisarzów Polskich (Polish Writers’ Library). It is the result of Rydel’s research on the life and work of Piotr Kochanowski – Jan Kochanowski’s nephew, Renaissance poet, Polish translator of Ariosto and Tasso. In the Biblioteka Pisarzów Polskich it was planned to publish, in addition to Goffred, a 5-volume edition of Ariosto’s Orlando furioso translated by Piotr Kochanowski and a monograph on Kochanowski. Rydel’s materials for these books were lost during World War II, but they are known from the accounts of Józef Tretiak and Roman Pollak. Rydel’s edition of Goffred was critically reviewed by Adam Antoni Kryński, Ignacy Chrzanowski and Aleksander Brückner.
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